Sądy społeczne w systemie wymiaru sprawiedliwości Niemieckiej Republiki Demokratycznej

Social courts in the German Democratic Republic, as constitutional judicial organs, guaranteed the direct participation of citizens in the exercise of state power. They played an important role in the judicial system and in fact became the courts of the lowest instance. They settled disputes in the field of labour and civil law and adjudicated in cases of violations of criminal law. In retrospect, they can be assessed as a special type of court typical of the socialist system, the decisions of which were primarily of educational and preventive importance.

THE USE OF SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE BY OPERATIVES IN THE PROCESS OF MURDERS DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION ON THE TERRITORY OF CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS

В статье рассмотрены особенности использования специальных знаний в процессе раскрытия и расследования убийств, совершенных в исправительном учреждении. Обращено внимание на то, что особенностью расследования убийств выступает необходимость привлечения, помимо криминалиста, еще и специалиста в сфере судебной медицины, который констатирует смерть, окажет помощь в осмотре трупа, в обнаружении и фиксации вещественных доказательств биологического происхождения, проведет дополнительные консультации. Автором определено, что собранная специалистом информация, в первую очередь, должна быть проанализирована оперативными работниками для отработки версий произошедшего, установления круга причастных лиц, что и требует их непосредственного участия в осмотре. Аналитическая деятельность не сводится только к изучению предоставленных специалистами сведений, они должны быть согласованы и обобщены с иными имеющимися данными, например, со свидетельскими показаниями. В результате исследования определены меры по эффективному использованию специальных знаний в расследовании преступлений. Кроме того, предложена дополнительная криминалистическая подготовка оперативных работников и следователей для эффективного оперативного сопровождения раскрытия и расследования преступлений, совершаемых на территории исправительных учреждений. The article discusses the features of the use of specialized knowledge in the process of detection and investigation murders committed in a correctional institution. Attention is drawn to the fact that a feature of the investigation of murders is the need to attract, in addition to the necessary criminologist, also a specialist in the field of forensic medicine, who implements such tasks as: direct ascertaining of death, assistance in examining the corpse, including the detection and fixation of material evidence of biological origins and additional consultations. The authors determined that the information collected by a specialist, first of all, should be analyzed by operatives for its use, working out versions of what happened, establishing the circle of persons involved, which just requires their direct participation in the examination, and not as only fixing the work of specialists. Analytical activity is not limited only to the study of the information provided by specialists, they must be coordinated and summarized with other available data, such as testimony. As a result of the study, measures were identified for the effective use of specialized knowledge in the investigation of crimes. Besides, additional criminological training of the operatives and investigators for effective support in detection and investigation of crimes committed on the territory of the correctional establishments is offered.

Cyber warfare and the law of armed conflict

<p>This paper discusses cyber warfare and its intersection with the law of armed conflict. Cyberspace creates a unique battlefield with many challenges. This paper tackles four of these challenges: distinguishing warfare acts from criminal activities; what amounts to an armed attack in cyberspace that justifies a State’s right to selfdefence; target distinction; and direct participation in cyber hostilities. It is the author’s determination that the law of armed conflict does apply in cyberspace however two additional changes are needed for the traditional laws to have any practical effect. These two variations include the extension of the traditional criteria of armed attack to include severe data loss as tangible property damage; and reexamining the framework of direct participation.</p>

Cyber warfare and the law of armed conflict

<p>This paper discusses cyber warfare and its intersection with the law of armed conflict. Cyberspace creates a unique battlefield with many challenges. This paper tackles four of these challenges: distinguishing warfare acts from criminal activities; what amounts to an armed attack in cyberspace that justifies a State’s right to selfdefence; target distinction; and direct participation in cyber hostilities. It is the author’s determination that the law of armed conflict does apply in cyberspace however two additional changes are needed for the traditional laws to have any practical effect. These two variations include the extension of the traditional criteria of armed attack to include severe data loss as tangible property damage; and reexamining the framework of direct participation.</p>

Wide-Area Heritage Projects in Lombardy: From a Mono-Sector to a Multi-Sector Approach

A public-private partnership (P3) and public-private-people partnership (P4) are amongst the institutional options available when it comes to funding cultural heritage management through the involvement of private players pertaining to the business or third sectors, respectively. In light of the growing relevance of P4 operations as a means to improve heritage management, this paper aims at analyzing the initiatives developed by the Fondazione Cariplo banking foundation, which can be considered exemplary instances of P4. A total of two projects were selected, which go by the name of Distretti Culturali and AttivAree, respectively, and may serve as highly indicative examples of community involvement and multi-sector-oriented action. To conduct a truly realistic analysis and reliably measure the adequacy of the outcomes obtained, interviews with the parties involved were performed and direct participation in the projects was provided for. Considering, also, that funding has, so far, typically been aimed at interventions on individual buildings, the foundation has managed to develop some true cross-sector programs, and thus further refine the multi-sector approach most likely to prove useful in future community-centered initiatives. Herein, some of the features are isolated; those which we deem most suitable for adoption in the planning of future cultural heritage-related projects.

Conditions for the integration of Russian export networks into global value chains

Subject. This article considers the issues related to global value chains as the most important driver of the world economy’s development. Objectives. The article aims to substantiate the conditions for the integration of Russian export networks into the system of global value chains functioning. Methods. The study is based on a conceptual model of distributed value-added chain. Results. Based on the analysis of the possibilities of integration of Russian producers into global value chains, the article presents arguments about the expediency of participation of enterprises in these global chains, depending on the stage of the production process and commodity distribution. Conclusions. The direct participation of Russian producers in global value chains is limited to a greater extent by the supply of primary resources and products of a low value-added level for the needs of foreign producers. In Russian exports, the share of foreign value added is insignificant. It is necessary to create export networks both for integration into existing global value chains and for creating own ones.

Direct participation of people with communication disabilities in research on poverty and disabilities in low and middle income countries: A critical review

Introduction An estimated 1 billion people with disabilities live in low and middle income countries, a population that includes people with communication disabilities (PwCD). PwCD are a heterogenous group with a wide range of abilities who may be underrepresented in research due to the communication demands involved in research participation. Methods A critical analysis of 145 studies from a previously published systematic review was undertaken with the aim of documenting the opportunities for direct participation of PwCD in research on poverty and disability in low- and middle- income countries. Results The key finding was the high risk of underrepresentation of PwCD in research on poverty and disability in LMICs, despite low rates of explicit exclusion (n = 8; 5.5%). A total of 366 uses of data collection tools were analysed (255 unique tools). The majority of data collection tools had high communication demands (92.9%), including those measuring disability (88.6%) and those assessing poverty (100%). Only 22 studies (15.2%) specifically included PwCD. A subset of these studies (n = 14) presented disaggregated data in a way that allowed for analysis of outcomes for PwCD, suggesting a clear intersection between poverty and communication disability, with findings related to general poverty indicators, reduced access to education, low levels of employment, and additional expenditure. Conclusions The findings suggest a systematic underrepresentation of PwCD in research on poverty and disability with substantial implications for future policy and program planning, directly affecting the availability and provision of services and resources for this population. A failure to provide adequate opportunity for participation of PwCD in research risks leaving those with communication disabilities behind in the pursuit of global poverty eradication.

THE IMAGE OF A PERFECT MAN IN ANCIENT TURKISH POETRY

Man, being primarily a spiritual being, has always tried to comprehend the natural and social processes taking place around him. Observation of them, direct participation in these processes of the person himself, evaluation from the point of view of certain moral, aesthetic and other social values lead to the emergence of a holistic image of the world. Mythology mainly reflected the ideological foundations of the existence of ancient man, which gave rise to the main question of the worldview, the question of the relationship between "it" and "we". It can be concretized in understanding the relationship between man and the cosmos, man and nature, man and society. Of course, we are not talking about the theoretical research of the ancients. But already within the framework of mythological consciousness, on the basis of the corresponding way of thinking, the idea of supernatural existence arises.

Our past creates our present: a brief overview of racism and colonialism in Western paleontology

As practitioners of a historical science, paleontologists and geoscientists are well versed in the idea that the ability to understand and to anticipate the future relies upon our collective knowledge of the past. Despite this understanding, the fundamental role that the history of paleontology and the geosciences plays in shaping the structure and culture of our disciplines is seldom recognized and therefore not acted upon sufficiently. Here, we present a brief review of the history of paleontology and geology in Western countries, with a particular focus on North America since the 1800s. Western paleontology and geology are intertwined with systematic practices of exclusion, oppression, and erasure that arose from their direct participation in the extraction of geological and biological resources at the expense of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). Our collective failure to acknowledge this history hinders our ability to address these issues meaningfully and systemically in present-day educational, academic, and professional settings. By discussing these issues and suggesting some ways forward, we intend to promote a deeper reflection upon our collective history and a broader conversation surrounding racism, colonialism, and exclusion within our scientific communities. Ultimately, it is necessary to listen to members of the communities most impacted by these issues to create actionable steps forward while holding ourselves accountable for the past.