Energy-dispersive x-ray mapping of grain boundaries in high-Tc superconductors
Superconductors are materials which carry electrical current without resistive loss below a certain critical temperature (Tc). There are many potential uses for materials that are superconducting, but until recently the Tc's of known materials were too low to be useful in large-scale applications such as power transmission. However, with the discovery of high Tc oxide superconductors, the feasibility of such projects are now being considered. The problem with the oxide superconductors is not that their critical temperature is too low (the Tc's of the oxides are almost an order of magnitude better than the metal superconductors), but rather that in bulk form their current carrying capacity (Jc) is too low. It is known that the bulk Jc is determined by intergranular conductivity. Low values for Jc may occur because of: (a) a change of stoichiometry at the grain boundaries, or (b) because of misorientation of adjacent grains. High Jc's can be achieved in thin films by texturing the material so that there are few grain boundaries across the direction of current flow but many grain boundaries perpendicular to the current flow.