scholarly journals Epidemiology of invasiveHaemophilus influenzaeinfections in England and Wales in the pre-vaccination era (1990–2)

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Anderson ◽  
N. T. Begg ◽  
S. C. Crawshaw ◽  
R. M. Hargreaves ◽  
A. J. Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Type B ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Children Under 5

SummaryThis survey defined the pattern of invasiveHaemophilus influenzaeinfections during 1990–2 in six regions in England and Wales during the pre-vaccination era providing a baseline against which any changes in patterns of disease due to the introduction of theHaemophilus influenzaetype b vaccination programme can be monitored. A total of 946 cases of invasiveHaemophilus influenzaewere recorded during the survey period of which almost 90 % were due to type b and most of the remainder were non-typeable. Type b infections occurred predominantly in children less than 5 years of age (88%) with the highest attack rate in male infants in the 6–11 month age group. Diagnostic category varied with both age and serotype; meningitis was the commonest presentation overall but pneumonia and bacteraemia were more common in adults and non-typeable isolates. Mortality was highest in neonates and the elderly (over 65 years of age) who were more likely to have an underlying predisposing condition than older children and adults. Children under 5 years of age had a higher case fatality rate for non-typeable than for type b infections. Ampicillin resistance was 15% and there were no cefotaxime resistant type b isolates.

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of Urine for Diagnosis of Bacterial Pneumonia in Pediatric Outpatients

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 780-783
Author(s):  
Ronald B. Turner ◽  
Frederick G. Hayden ◽  
J. Owen Hendley
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Clinical Spectrum ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pediatric Outpatients ◽  
Etiologic Diagnosis

Thirty-eight pediatric outpatients with pneumonia were studied by counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the presence of Haemophilus influenzae type b or pneumococcal antigenuria. Of the 38 patients eight (21%) hadH influenzae type b antigenuria and two (5%) had pneumococcal antigenuria. H influenzae, type b antigenuria was detected more frequently in patients <2 years of age than in older children. Urine counterimmunoelectrophoriesis appears to be a useful tool for the etiologic diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia and should facilitate further studies of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical spectrum of this disease.

Factors affecting pharyngeal Haemophilus influenzae type b colonization rates in children

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 413-417
Author(s):  
R H Michaels ◽  
C S Poziviak ◽  
F E Stonebraker ◽  
C W Norden
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Throat Swab ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Colonization Rates

Over 1,300 children were studied in an analysis of factors that might affect pharyngeal colonization with Haemophilus influenzae type b. Our semiquantitative methods for the culture of H. influenzae type b, consisting of inoculation of 0.001 ml of throat swab fluid on antiserum agar plates and division of the results into three grades of intensity, showed agreement as to intensity of colonization in over 80% of repeat throat cultures. Our data also suggest that throat swabs are more efficient than nasopharyngeal swabs for detecting colonization, particularly for older children. All 17 H. influenzae type b carriers found with either method were detected with throat swabs, but six had negative nasopharyngeal cultures; four of these six were lightly colonized older children. Furthermore, colony counts were apt to be higher on plates inoculated with throat swab fluids. The frequency of pharyngeal H. influenzae type b colonization in children visiting health department clinics and pediatricians' offices was low during the first 6 months of life (0.7%) but averaged 3 to 5% throughout the rest of childhood. Approximately two-thirds of the carriers were colonized at an intensity too low to be detected by standard laboratory techniques. No influence on colonization rates was found for sex, race, season, economic status, or common childhood infectious diseases such as coryza or otitis media.

scholarly journals Trends in Haemophilus influenzae type b infections in adults in England and Wales: surveillance study

BMJ ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 329 (7467) ◽  
pp. 655-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jodie McVernon ◽  
Caroline L Trotter ◽  
Mary P E Slack ◽  
Mary E Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
England And Wales

scholarly journals Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in adults

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SARANGI ◽  
K. CARTWRIGHT ◽  
J. STUART ◽  
S. BROOKES ◽  
R. MORRIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Vaccines For Children

We reviewed retrospectively all invasive Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) infections in adults ascertained from reference laboratory records and notifications from five NHS regions over the 5 years from 1 October 1990, a period encompassing the introduction of routine Hib childhood immunization (October 1992). A total of 446 cases were identified, a rate of 0·73 infections per 105 adults per annum. Though numbers of Hib infections in adults fell after the introduction of Hib vaccines for children (P = 0·035), and there was no increase in infections caused by other capsulated Hi serotypes, total numbers of invasive Hi infections increased due to a large rise in infections caused by non-capsulated Hi (ncHi) strains (P = 0·0067). There was an unexpectedly low rate of infections in those aged 75 years or more (P < 0·0001). The commonest clinical presentations were pneumonia with bacteraemia (227/350, 65%) and bacteraemia alone (62/350, 18%) and the highest rates of disease were in the 65–74 years age group (P < 0·0001). Clinical presentation was not influenced by the capsulation status of the invading Hi strain. 103/350 cases (29%) died within 1 month, and 207/350 (59%) within 6 months of their Hi infection. Case fatality rates were high in all age groups. Pre-existing diseases were noted in 220/350 cases and were associated with a higher case fatality rate (82% vs. 21%, P < 0·0001). After the introduction of Hib immunization in children, invasive Hib infections in unimmunized adults also declined, but the overall rate of invasive Hi disease in adults increased, with most infections now caused by non-capsulated strains. Physicians and microbiologists should be aware of the changing epidemiology, the high associated mortality and high risk of underlying disease. Invasive haemophilus infections in adults should be investigated and treated aggressively.

Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia in older children

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 331-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRENT R. KING ◽  
LOUIS M. BELL ◽  
GARY S. MARSHALL
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Older Children

scholarly journals Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) seroprevalence and current epidemiology in England and Wales

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Collins ◽  
David Litt ◽  
Rachael Almond ◽  
Jamie Findlow ◽  
Ezra Linley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
England And Wales

Commentary: Results of Efficacy Trials in Alaska and Finland of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccine

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-667
Author(s):  
Joel Ward
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Type B ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Younger Age

One of the currently licensed Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide conjugate vaccines currently recommended for use in children 18 months of age and older, polyribosylribitol-phosphate-diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D, Connaught Laboratories), has been evaluated in two studies for its protective efficacy in children immunized before 6 months of age.1 The peak incidence of invasive disease caused by H. influenzae type b occurs in children 6 to 18 months of age; therefore, prevention of this disease depends on the efficacy of vaccines in this younger age group. In a large, randomized, unblinded trial conducted in Finland, relatively low levels of antibody were induced after a series of three primary PRP-D immunizations at 3, 4, and 6 months of age. Despite these limited immunogenicity results, a high level of protective efficacy was shown during a 3-year period (protective efficacy of 87%, 95% confidence intervals 50% to 96%). Another trial, which was randomized, double blind, and placebo controlled, was conducted among 2113 Native Alaskan infants immunized (20 µg/0.5 mL) at 2, 4, and 6 months of age as part of their routine childhood immunizations. This population was chosen for the trial because it has the highest known incidence of invasive disease caused by H influenzae type b, and a trial in such a high-risk population could be conducted more carefully, with fewer study subjects, and in a shorter period of time. As in the Finnish trial, in this younger age group immune responses to PRP-D vaccine were meager, apparent only after the third dose of vaccine at 6 months of age.

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