Somatostatin and prosomatostatin in the retina of the rat: An immunohistochemical, in-situ hybridization, and chromatographic study

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Nicolai Brink Larsen ◽  
Maurizio Bersani ◽  
James Olcese ◽  
Jens Juul Holst ◽  
Morten Møller
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Nuclear Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Cell Layers

AbstractSpecific antisera, raised in rabbits, against somatostatin 1-14, somatostatin 1-28, the fragment 1-12 of somatostatin 1-28, and prosomatostatin 20-36 were used for immunohistochemistry and gel filtration of the rat retina.With all antisera, immunoreactive perikarya could be located in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. In the inner nuclear layer, amacrine cells with processes extending predominantly into the first sublayer of the inner plexiform layer were observed. Some processes extended also to the ganglion cell layer. In addition, somatostatin-immunoreactive interplexiform cells were present in the inner nuclear layer.In the ganglion cell layer, perikarya were found located in the midperiphery and in the far periphery of the retina. The neurons located in the midperiphery of the retina possessed a round perikaryon from which processes could be followed going into the inner plexiform layer, where they dichotomized in the third and first sublayers. The perikarya in the far periphery of the retina near the ora serrata exhibited an ovoid-shaped cell body from which processes extended horizontally in a bipolar manner in the layer itself.By use of an [35S]-labeled antisense oligonucleotide probe, in situ hybridization of the rat retina showed the presence of perikarya in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer containing mRNA encoding for prosomatostatin.Gel filtration of the retinal extracts followed by radioimmunoassay showed the presence of somatostatin 1-14, the fragment 1-12 of somatostatin 1-28, and prosomatostatin 1-64. However, somatostatin 1-28 was not detected.The results obtained in this study verify the presence of somatostatin 1-14 in the rat retina located in perikarya and processes in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. The positive in-situ hybridization signals show that the intraneuronal somatostatin immunoreactivity is due to synthesis of the peptide and not uptake in the neurons. The presence of the somatostatin propeptide and fragments of this propeptide, in both intraretinal perikarya and fibers, indicate a posttranslational modification of this neuropeptide in the perikarya and the processes as well.

Localization of GABAA receptors in the rat retina

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Greferath ◽  
Frank Müller ◽  
Heinz Wässle ◽  
Brenda Shivers ◽  
Peter Seeburg
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Differential Expression Pattern

AbstractGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian retina. The present paper describes the localization of GABAA receptors in the rat retina as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry.In situ hybridization with probes against various a subunits revealed a marked differential expression pattern. The αl subunit gene is expressed mainly in the bipolar and horizontal cell layer, the α2 gene in the amacrine and ganglion cell layer, and the α4 gene in a subpopulation of amacrine cells. β subunit mRNA is present diffusely throughout the entire inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer.The monoclonal antibody bd 17 (against β2/β3 subunits) stained subpopulations of GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells as well as some ganglion cells and bipolar cells. Immunoreactivity was not restricted to synaptic input sites. In the outer plexiform layer bipolar cell dendrites were immunoreactive; in the inner plexiform layer mainly amacrine and ganglion cell processes were labeled, and bipolar cell axons appeared unstained. The results demonstrate a strong heterogeneity of GABAA receptors in the retina.

Localization of GABA- and GAD-like immunoreactivity in the turtle retina

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence B. Hurd ◽  
William D. Eldred
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Nuclear Layer ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Double Label ◽  
Plexiform Layers

Abstractγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been reported to be an important neurotransmitter in the retinas of many species. This immunocytochemical study detailed the localization of antigens resembling GABA and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA), in retinal neurons in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. GABA-like immunoreactivity was present within somata in the inner and outer regions of the inner nuclear layer, within somata in the ganglion cell layer, and in processes in the outer plexiform layer, inner plexiform layer, and ganglion cell axon layer. GAD-like immunoreactivity was found in somata in the inner and outer regions of the inner nuclear layer and in processes in the inner and outer plexiform layers. Cell counts indicated more somata with GABA-like than GAD-like immunoreactivity in the inner nuclear layer. Double-label studies showed that every somata in the inner nuclear layer which had GAD-like immunoreactivity also had GABA-like immunoreactivity, but that many somata had only GABA-like immunoreactivity.The stratification of immunoreactivity within the inner plexiform layer was analyzed using a scanning densitometer. We described the strata within the inner plexiform layer such that S0 represented the inner nuclear layer/inner plexiform layer border and S100 represented the inner plexiform layer/ganglion cell layer border. Analysis of GAD-like labeling yielded seven distinct strata with peak densities at positions S8, S19, S28, S42, S59, S75, and S93. GABA-like labeling provided five distinct strata with peak densities at positions S17, S28, S67, S84, and S95. The strata with peaks of GABA-like immunoreactivity at S17 and S28 were in statistically identical locations to corresponding strata with GAD-like immunoreactivity. The strata with GABA-like immunoreactivity at S67, S84, and S95 did not have statistically identical peaks of correlated GAD-like immunoreactivity, although there were corresponding strata with GAD-like immunoreactivity nearby. Antiserum directed against GABA failed to produce labeled strata at positions corresponding to the strata with GAD-like immunoreactivity at S8 and S42.In summary, our results indicated that the antisera we used, which were directed against GABA and GAD, produced significantly different labeling in the inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, and the ganglion cell body and axon layers of the turtle retina. Until the physiological significance of these differences is resolved, studies employing these markers to investigate the function of GABA in the turtle retina should be interpreted with caution.

Differential expression of glycine receptor subunits in the retina of the rat: A study using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Greferath ◽  
J. H. Brandstätter ◽  
H. Wässle ◽  
J. Kirsch ◽  
J. Kuhse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Glycine Receptor ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Subunit Mrna

AbstractImmunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to study the distribution of glycine receptor (GlyR) subunits and the GlyR-associated protein gephyrin in the rat retina. Monoclonal antibodies against the α and β subunits of the GlyR and gephyrin showed a strong punctate labeling pattern in the inner plexiform layer. Glycine receptor mRNAs were found in the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer. The α 1 subunit mRNA is predominantly present in the outer half of the INL and on some but not all ganglion cells. GlyR α2 subunit mRNA is predominantly present in the inner half of the INL and on nearly all cells in the ganglion cell layer. GlyR α3–, GlyR β-, and gephyrin-mRNAs are present in the entire INL and in cells in the ganglion cell layer. The differential expression of glycine receptor subunits indicates a functional diversity of glycine receptors in the retina.

scholarly journals Patterns of retrograde axonal degeneration in the visual system

Brain ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 2775-2786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemien A de Vries-Knoppert ◽  
Johannes C Baaijen ◽  
Axel Petzold
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Axonal Degeneration ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Layer Region

Abstract Conclusive evidence for existence of acquired retrograde axonal degeneration that is truly trans-synaptic (RTD) has not yet been provided for the human visual system. Convincing data rely on experimental data of lesions to the posterior visual pathways. This study aimed to overcome the limitations of previous human studies, namely pathology to the anterior visual pathways and neurodegenerative co-morbidity. In this prospective, longitudinal cohort retinal optical coherence tomography scans were acquired before and after elective partial temporal lobe resection in 25 patients for intractable epilepsy. Newly developed region of interest-specific, retinotopic areas substantially improved on conventional reported early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) grid-based optical coherence tomography data. Significant inner retinal layer atrophy separated patients with normal visual fields from those who developed a visual field defect. Acquired RTD affected the retinal nerve fibre layer, ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer and stopped at the level of the inner nuclear layer. There were significant correlations between the resected brain tissue volume and the ganglion cell layer region of interest (R = −0.78, P < 0.0001) and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer region of interest (R = −0.65, P = 0.0007). In one patient, damage to the anterior visual pathway resulted in occurrence of microcystic macular oedema as recognized from experimental data. In the remaining 24 patients with true RTD, atrophy rates in the first 3 months were strongly correlated with time from surgery for the ganglion cell layer region of interest (R = −0.74, P < 0.0001) and the ganglion cell inner plexiform layer region of interest (R = −0.51, P < 0.0001). The different time course of atrophy rates observed relate to brain tissue volume resection and suggest that three distinct patterns of retrograde axonal degeneration exist: (i) direct retrograde axonal degeneration; (ii) rapid and self-terminating RTD; and (iii) prolonged RTD representing a ‘penumbra’, which slowly succumbs to molecularly governed spatial cellular stoichiometric relationships. We speculate that the latter could be a promising target for neuroprotection.

Morphology of human retinal ganglion cells with intraretinal axon collaterals

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
BETH B. PETERSON ◽  
DENNIS M. DACEY
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Human Retina ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Axon Collaterals

Ganglion cells with intraretinal axon collaterals have been described in monkey (Usai et al., 1991), cat (Dacey, 1985), and turtle (Gardiner & Dacey, 1988) retina. Using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase and Neurobiotin in in vitro whole-mount preparations of human retina, we filled over 1000 ganglion cells, 19 of which had intraretinal axon collaterals and wide-field, spiny dendritic trees stratifying in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axons were smooth and thin (∼2 μm) and gave off thin (<1 μm), bouton-studded terminal collaterals that extended vertically to terminate in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. Terminal collaterals were typically 3–300 μm in length, though sometimes as long as 700 μm, and were present in clusters, or as single branched or unbranched varicose processes with round or somewhat flattened lobular terminal boutons 1–2 μm in diameter. Some cells had a single axon whereas other cells had a primary axon that gave rise to 2–4 axon branches. Axons were located either in the optic fiber layer or just beneath it in the ganglion cell layer, or near the border of the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer. This study shows that in the human retina, intraretinal axon collaterals are associated with a morphologically distinct ganglion cell type. The synaptic connections and functional role of these cells are not yet known. Since distinct ganglion cell types with intraretinal axon collaterals have also been found in monkey, cat, and turtle, this cell type may be common to all vertebrate retinas.

scholarly journals Investigation of the pathophysiology of the retina and choroid in Parkinson's disease by optical coherence tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Kamata ◽  
Naoto Hara ◽  
Tsukasa Satou ◽  
Takahiro Niida ◽  
Kazuo Mukuno
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Luminal Area

Abstract Purpose The pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is suspected to affect the retina and choroid. We investigated changes in the retina and choroid of patients with PD using optical coherence tomography. Methods We examined 14 patients with PD and 22 patients without PD. Patients without PD had no ophthalmic disease other than cataracts. In addition, it was also confirmed that there was no neurodegenerative disease. The retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer, and choroidal thickness were compared between both groups. Additionally, the choroidal image was divided into the choroid area, luminal area, and interstitial area using the binarization method, and the area of each region and the percentage of luminal area in the choroid area were analyzed. Results Patients with PD had a significantly thinner ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer compared to those without PD. The choroid area, luminal area, and interstitial area were significantly decreased in patients with PD compared to those without PD. Seven patients with PD who were successfully followed up showed decreased retinal nerve fiber layer and interstitial area after 3 years. Conclusion Autonomic nervous disorders and neurodegeneration in PD can cause thinning of the retina and choroid, as well as a reduction in the choroid area.

NADPH-diaphorase neurones of human retinae have a uniform topographical distribution

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. Provis ◽  
John Mitrofanis
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Topographical Distribution

AbstractWe have examined the morphology and distribution of neurones that contain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase in human retinae. NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was observed in three different classes of amacrine cells (ND1, ND2, ND3 cells) and in the cone photoreceptors. ND1 cells had relatively large somata (mean, 12.3 ¼m) located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Their dendrites were often strongly labeled and spread into either the middle or outer strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The somata of ND2 cells were medium-sized (mean, 8.2 ¼m) and located in the INL and in the GCL; their dendrites were usually beaded and often spread in either the middle or outer strata of the IPL. ND3 cells had small, round somata (mean, 5.2 ¼m) located in either the INL or GCL, and were without labeled processes. The total number of NADPH-diaphorase cells (all classes) was estimated at 118,000, with a mean density of about 100/mm2. The most striking fea ture of NADPH-diaphorase cells in humans was that their distribution was relatively uniform across the retina, with no evidence of a peak in density at the foveal rim.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ground squirrel retina: Localization of the β4 subunit by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz R. G. Britto ◽  
Scott W. Rogers ◽  
Dânia E. Hamassaki-Britto ◽  
Robert M. Duvoisin
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Inner Nuclear Layer ◽  
Nachr Subunit

AbstractImmunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques were used to localize the β4 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the ground squirrel retina. The β4 nAChR subunit was detected in both transverse and horizontal sections of the retina using a subunit-specific antiserum and the avidin-biotin complex technique. Two bands of labeled processes were seen in the inner plexiform layer, corresponding approximately to the laminae where the cholinergic cells arborize. Labeled cells were found in the ganglion cell layer and the inner third of the inner nuclear layer. The cells in the ganglion cell layer were medium- to large-sized and were frequently observed to give rise to axon-like processes. Most of the labeled neurons in the inner nuclear layer were small presumptive amacrine cells, but a few medium-to-large cells were also labeled. These could constitute a different class of amacrine cells or displaced ganglion cells. The latter possibility is supported by the existence of nAChR-containing displaced ganglion cells in the avian retina. In situ hybridization with a 35S-labeled cRNA probe revealed the expression of mRNA coding for the nAChR β4 subunit in the ganglion cell layer and the inner third of the inner nuclear layer. This finding confirmed the immunohistochemical data of the cellular localization of β4 nAChR subunit.These results indicate that the β4 nAChR subunit is expressed by specific subtypes of neurons on the ground squirrel retina. As the expression of that particular nAChR subunit appears to be very limited in the brain, the present data suggest that the retina might represent a useful model to study the function of nAChRs containing the β4 subunit.

scholarly journals The fine structure of the reconstructed neural retina of chick embryos

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
H. Fujisawa ◽  
H. Nakamura ◽  
M. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Inner Limiting Membranes

The fine structure of reconstructed neural retina formed from dissociated neural retinal cells of 6½-day-old chick embryos on the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos was examined with the electron microscope. Three nuclear layers (ganglion cell layer, inner and outer nuclear layers) and two fibrous layers (inner and outer plexiform layers) are found within the reconstructed retina. Both the outer and the inner limiting membranes of the reconstructed structure are constituted from the processes of differentiated Müller cells. The ganglion cell layer consists of two types of cell, though a typical ganglion cell with axonal process is not observed. Optic nerve fibres are not formed. Amacrine cells are recognized within the inner nuclear layer. Differentiation of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cell occurs, but not of the outer segment. Synaptic structures are recognized in the inner plexiform layer, but not in the outer plexiform layer.

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