Localization of GABAA receptors in the rat retina

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Greferath ◽  
Frank Müller ◽  
Heinz Wässle ◽  
Brenda Shivers ◽  
Peter Seeburg
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Differential Expression Pattern

AbstractGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian retina. The present paper describes the localization of GABAA receptors in the rat retina as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry.In situ hybridization with probes against various a subunits revealed a marked differential expression pattern. The αl subunit gene is expressed mainly in the bipolar and horizontal cell layer, the α2 gene in the amacrine and ganglion cell layer, and the α4 gene in a subpopulation of amacrine cells. β subunit mRNA is present diffusely throughout the entire inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer.The monoclonal antibody bd 17 (against β2/β3 subunits) stained subpopulations of GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells as well as some ganglion cells and bipolar cells. Immunoreactivity was not restricted to synaptic input sites. In the outer plexiform layer bipolar cell dendrites were immunoreactive; in the inner plexiform layer mainly amacrine and ganglion cell processes were labeled, and bipolar cell axons appeared unstained. The results demonstrate a strong heterogeneity of GABAA receptors in the retina.

Somatostatin and prosomatostatin in the retina of the rat: An immunohistochemical, in-situ hybridization, and chromatographic study

1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Nicolai Brink Larsen ◽  
Maurizio Bersani ◽  
James Olcese ◽  
Jens Juul Holst ◽  
Morten Møller
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Nuclear Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Cell Layers

AbstractSpecific antisera, raised in rabbits, against somatostatin 1-14, somatostatin 1-28, the fragment 1-12 of somatostatin 1-28, and prosomatostatin 20-36 were used for immunohistochemistry and gel filtration of the rat retina.With all antisera, immunoreactive perikarya could be located in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. In the inner nuclear layer, amacrine cells with processes extending predominantly into the first sublayer of the inner plexiform layer were observed. Some processes extended also to the ganglion cell layer. In addition, somatostatin-immunoreactive interplexiform cells were present in the inner nuclear layer.In the ganglion cell layer, perikarya were found located in the midperiphery and in the far periphery of the retina. The neurons located in the midperiphery of the retina possessed a round perikaryon from which processes could be followed going into the inner plexiform layer, where they dichotomized in the third and first sublayers. The perikarya in the far periphery of the retina near the ora serrata exhibited an ovoid-shaped cell body from which processes extended horizontally in a bipolar manner in the layer itself.By use of an [35S]-labeled antisense oligonucleotide probe, in situ hybridization of the rat retina showed the presence of perikarya in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer containing mRNA encoding for prosomatostatin.Gel filtration of the retinal extracts followed by radioimmunoassay showed the presence of somatostatin 1-14, the fragment 1-12 of somatostatin 1-28, and prosomatostatin 1-64. However, somatostatin 1-28 was not detected.The results obtained in this study verify the presence of somatostatin 1-14 in the rat retina located in perikarya and processes in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. The positive in-situ hybridization signals show that the intraneuronal somatostatin immunoreactivity is due to synthesis of the peptide and not uptake in the neurons. The presence of the somatostatin propeptide and fragments of this propeptide, in both intraretinal perikarya and fibers, indicate a posttranslational modification of this neuropeptide in the perikarya and the processes as well.

NADPH-diaphorase neurones of human retinae have a uniform topographical distribution

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 619-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. Provis ◽  
John Mitrofanis
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Nadph Diaphorase ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Topographical Distribution

AbstractWe have examined the morphology and distribution of neurones that contain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase in human retinae. NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was observed in three different classes of amacrine cells (ND1, ND2, ND3 cells) and in the cone photoreceptors. ND1 cells had relatively large somata (mean, 12.3 ¼m) located in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Their dendrites were often strongly labeled and spread into either the middle or outer strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The somata of ND2 cells were medium-sized (mean, 8.2 ¼m) and located in the INL and in the GCL; their dendrites were usually beaded and often spread in either the middle or outer strata of the IPL. ND3 cells had small, round somata (mean, 5.2 ¼m) located in either the INL or GCL, and were without labeled processes. The total number of NADPH-diaphorase cells (all classes) was estimated at 118,000, with a mean density of about 100/mm2. The most striking fea ture of NADPH-diaphorase cells in humans was that their distribution was relatively uniform across the retina, with no evidence of a peak in density at the foveal rim.

scholarly journals The fine structure of the reconstructed neural retina of chick embryos

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-149
Author(s):  
H. Fujisawa ◽  
H. Nakamura ◽  
M. Chin
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Inner Limiting Membranes

The fine structure of reconstructed neural retina formed from dissociated neural retinal cells of 6½-day-old chick embryos on the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos was examined with the electron microscope. Three nuclear layers (ganglion cell layer, inner and outer nuclear layers) and two fibrous layers (inner and outer plexiform layers) are found within the reconstructed retina. Both the outer and the inner limiting membranes of the reconstructed structure are constituted from the processes of differentiated Müller cells. The ganglion cell layer consists of two types of cell, though a typical ganglion cell with axonal process is not observed. Optic nerve fibres are not formed. Amacrine cells are recognized within the inner nuclear layer. Differentiation of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cell occurs, but not of the outer segment. Synaptic structures are recognized in the inner plexiform layer, but not in the outer plexiform layer.

Cholinergic amacrine neurons of the dogfish retina

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Brandon
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Dendritic Morphology ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Dendritic Arbors

AbstractIn the mammalian retina, the dendritic arbors of cholinergic amacrine neurons have a unique starburst shape; these arbors lie in narrow sublaminae within the inner plexiform layer, where they provide input to a wide variety of ganglion cell types. Immunocytochemistry has been used to identify cholinergic cells in one poikilotherm, the goldfish (Tumosa et al., 1984), but there has been no description of the detailed dendritic morphology of these cells in the lower vertebrates. In the present study, cholinergic neurons have been characterized, by immunocytochemistry and dye filling, in the retina of the Pacific Coast dogfish, Squalus acanthias.The inner nuclear layer contained two populations of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive amacrine cells, of different sizes (average soma diameters 12.2 vs. 16.3 μm); 70% of the immunoreactive cells were of the smaller type. Cholinergic dendrites from these two cell populations formed two narrow strata within the inner plexiform layer, at depths of 14% and 31%. In the ganglion cell layer, 40% of the cells were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT); these cells were very homogeneous in size, had an average diameter of 12.6 μm, and appeared to represent a single class of cholinergic amacrine. The dendrites of these cells formed a single, narrow stratum within the inner plexiform layer, at a depth of 59%.In living preparations, the smallest cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer were filled iontophoretically with Lucifer Yellow, under microscopic control. Such cells invariably had a stellate morphology; in many cases, they appeared quite similar to the starburst cholinergic amacrine cells described in rabbit and rat (Vaney, 1984; Voigt, 1986). Although double-label experiments failed to demonstrate ChAT immunoreactivity in specific dye-filled cells, the dendritic arbors of individual dye-filled stellate dogfish amacrines did co-stratify precisely with the proximal ChAT-immunoreactive sublamina of the inner plexiform layer. In addition, dye injection and ChAT immunocytochemistry appeared to label the same population of dogfish neurons, as suggested by the close structural similarity, and similar numerical proportion, of the cells identified with these two techniques.Similarities between the displaced cholinergic amacrine neurons of the dogfish retina, and the cholinergic, “starburst” amacrine neurons of the rabbit retina, are discussed.

Immunocytochemical localization of glycine in the retina of the turtle (Pseudemys scripta)

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Eldred ◽  
Kristin Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Outer Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Synaptic Interactions

AbstractWe have localized glycine-like immunoreactivity to provide new anatomical detail about glycinergic neurons in the turtle retina. A rabbit antiserum directed against a glycine/albumin conjugate was used with standard fluorescent and avidin-biotin labeling techniques. Some processes in the outer plexiform layer and many processes in the inner plexiform layer, numerous somata in the inner nuclear layer, and isolated somata in the ganglion cell layer were immunoreactive.The vast majority of labeled neurons were amacrine cells. One class of amacrine cells had well-labeled somata near the inner nuclear/inner plexiform layer border, which gave rise to thick primary processes that entered the inner plexiform layer and arborized near the border of strata 1 and 2 and in stratum 3. A second class of glycinergic neurons, consisting of putative interplexiform cells, was unique in that it gave rise to dendritic arborizations in both the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer. Some of the immunoreactive neurons in the ganglion cell layer were apparently displaced amacrine cells, while others were probably true ganglion cells because they gave rise to labeled axons, and many labeled axons were visible in the ganglion cell axon layer. These results suggested that glycine played an extensive role in the turtle retina, and that it was involved in many diverse synaptic interactions in both the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer.

Differential expression of glycine receptor subunits in the retina of the rat: A study using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Greferath ◽  
J. H. Brandstätter ◽  
H. Wässle ◽  
J. Kirsch ◽  
J. Kuhse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Glycine Receptor ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Subunit Mrna

AbstractImmunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to study the distribution of glycine receptor (GlyR) subunits and the GlyR-associated protein gephyrin in the rat retina. Monoclonal antibodies against the α and β subunits of the GlyR and gephyrin showed a strong punctate labeling pattern in the inner plexiform layer. Glycine receptor mRNAs were found in the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer. The α 1 subunit mRNA is predominantly present in the outer half of the INL and on some but not all ganglion cells. GlyR α2 subunit mRNA is predominantly present in the inner half of the INL and on nearly all cells in the ganglion cell layer. GlyR α3–, GlyR β-, and gephyrin-mRNAs are present in the entire INL and in cells in the ganglion cell layer. The differential expression of glycine receptor subunits indicates a functional diversity of glycine receptors in the retina.

Cholinergic amacrine cells in the rabbit retina accumulate muscimol

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Massey ◽  
Kevin Blankenship ◽  
Stephen L. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Dapi Fluorescence ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

AbstractThe cholinergic amacrine cells of the rabbit retina form two mosaics placed symmetrically on either side of the inner plexiform layer. Recently, these cells have been reported to contain immunocytochemical markers for GABA. In this paper, we labeled the cholinergic cells with DAPI, then incubated the retina in [3H]-muscimol, a neuronal marker for GABA. Subsequently, we converted the DAPI fluorescence of the displaced cholinergic matrix to an opaque product by photooxidation in the presence of DAB. Autoradiography showed that all of the displaced cholinergic amacrine cells were labeled with ]3H]-muscimol, thus confirming the immunocytochemical results. The cholinergic cells account for approximately 80% of the cells in the ganglion cell layer which take up ]3H]-muscimol.

Microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP 1A) is a ganglion cell marker in adult rat retina

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa McKerracher ◽  
Richard B. Vallee ◽  
Albert J. Aguayo
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Cell Somata

AbstractWe have used antibodies raised against a cytoskeletal protein, microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP 1A), to stain adult rat retina. In cryostat and polyethylene glycol-embedded radial sections, the fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer were highly immunoreactive, a finding that suggested that the ganglion cell somata, axons, and dendrites were recognized by these antibodies. Retrograde labeling of retinal cell somata from the superior colliculus and dorso-lateral geniculate nucleus to identify ganglion cells showed colocalization of the tracer and immunoreactive cells. Double labeling with nuclear stains revealed that many cells in the ganglion cell layer, which are likely displaced amacrine cells, were not recognized by these antibodies. Furthermore, transection of ganglion cell axons, a procedure that causes retrograde degeneration of many of the axotomized ganglion cells, led to a decrease in the number of anti-MAP 1A immunoreactive cells in retinal wholemounts. Thus, MAP 1A antibodies preferentially stain ganglion cell somata and dendrites but not amacrine cells. These antibodies should be useful ganglion cell markers.

scholarly journals Patterns of retrograde axonal degeneration in the visual system

Brain ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 2775-2786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemien A de Vries-Knoppert ◽  
Johannes C Baaijen ◽  
Axel Petzold
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Axonal Degeneration ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Layer Region

Abstract Conclusive evidence for existence of acquired retrograde axonal degeneration that is truly trans-synaptic (RTD) has not yet been provided for the human visual system. Convincing data rely on experimental data of lesions to the posterior visual pathways. This study aimed to overcome the limitations of previous human studies, namely pathology to the anterior visual pathways and neurodegenerative co-morbidity. In this prospective, longitudinal cohort retinal optical coherence tomography scans were acquired before and after elective partial temporal lobe resection in 25 patients for intractable epilepsy. Newly developed region of interest-specific, retinotopic areas substantially improved on conventional reported early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) grid-based optical coherence tomography data. Significant inner retinal layer atrophy separated patients with normal visual fields from those who developed a visual field defect. Acquired RTD affected the retinal nerve fibre layer, ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer and stopped at the level of the inner nuclear layer. There were significant correlations between the resected brain tissue volume and the ganglion cell layer region of interest (R = −0.78, P < 0.0001) and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer region of interest (R = −0.65, P = 0.0007). In one patient, damage to the anterior visual pathway resulted in occurrence of microcystic macular oedema as recognized from experimental data. In the remaining 24 patients with true RTD, atrophy rates in the first 3 months were strongly correlated with time from surgery for the ganglion cell layer region of interest (R = −0.74, P < 0.0001) and the ganglion cell inner plexiform layer region of interest (R = −0.51, P < 0.0001). The different time course of atrophy rates observed relate to brain tissue volume resection and suggest that three distinct patterns of retrograde axonal degeneration exist: (i) direct retrograde axonal degeneration; (ii) rapid and self-terminating RTD; and (iii) prolonged RTD representing a ‘penumbra’, which slowly succumbs to molecularly governed spatial cellular stoichiometric relationships. We speculate that the latter could be a promising target for neuroprotection.

Morphology of human retinal ganglion cells with intraretinal axon collaterals

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
BETH B. PETERSON ◽  
DENNIS M. DACEY
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Human Retina ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Axon Collaterals

Ganglion cells with intraretinal axon collaterals have been described in monkey (Usai et al., 1991), cat (Dacey, 1985), and turtle (Gardiner & Dacey, 1988) retina. Using intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase and Neurobiotin in in vitro whole-mount preparations of human retina, we filled over 1000 ganglion cells, 19 of which had intraretinal axon collaterals and wide-field, spiny dendritic trees stratifying in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axons were smooth and thin (∼2 μm) and gave off thin (<1 μm), bouton-studded terminal collaterals that extended vertically to terminate in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. Terminal collaterals were typically 3–300 μm in length, though sometimes as long as 700 μm, and were present in clusters, or as single branched or unbranched varicose processes with round or somewhat flattened lobular terminal boutons 1–2 μm in diameter. Some cells had a single axon whereas other cells had a primary axon that gave rise to 2–4 axon branches. Axons were located either in the optic fiber layer or just beneath it in the ganglion cell layer, or near the border of the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer. This study shows that in the human retina, intraretinal axon collaterals are associated with a morphologically distinct ganglion cell type. The synaptic connections and functional role of these cells are not yet known. Since distinct ganglion cell types with intraretinal axon collaterals have also been found in monkey, cat, and turtle, this cell type may be common to all vertebrate retinas.

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