The neurophysiological embedding of child maltreatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Holochwost ◽  
Guan Wang ◽  
Jacek Kolacz ◽  
W. Roger Mills-Koonce ◽  
J. Bart Klika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Abstract Maltreatment adversely impacts the development of children across a host of domains. One way in which maltreatment may exert its deleterious effects is by becoming embedded in the activity of neurophysiological systems that regulate metabolic function. This paper reviews the literature regarding the association between childhood maltreatment and the activity of three systems: the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. A particular emphasis is placed on the extent to which the literature supports a common account of activity across these systems under conditions of homeostasis and stress. The paper concludes with an outline of directions for future research and the implications of the literature for policy and practice.

scholarly journals Anatomic and Physiological Bases of Social Blushing: Speculations from Neurology and Psychology

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Cutlip II ◽  
M. R. Leary
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Reflective Thought ◽  
Cutaneous Vasodilatation ◽  
Unusual Combination ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Although a common and occasionally troubling reaction, social blushing has received little systematic attention from either medical or behavioral researchers. This article reviews what is known of the physiological and psychological processes that mediate social blushing, and speculates regarding the role of central mechanisms in the phenomenon. Blushing is characterized by the unusual combination of cutaneous vasodilatation of the face, neck, and ears, accompanied by activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Psychologically, blushing appears to occur when people receive undesired social attention from others and may be analogous to the appeasement displays observed in non-human primates. Although poorly understood, the central mechanisms that mediate blushing obviously involve both involuntary autonomic effector systems and higher areas that involve self-reflective thought. Questions for future research are suggested.

Abstract P161: Tai Chi Movements Bring On Parasympathetic Nerve Output As Indicated By Audible Bowel Sounds

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desuo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Tai Chi ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Parasympathetic Nerve ◽  
Bowel Sounds ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Tai Chi Exercise

Tai Chi movements are unique exercise that can improve cognition, strength somatomotor coordination, and enhance autonomic nerve regulation on internal organ function. The mild increase in heart rate and/or slight sweat during and after practicing Tai Chi indicates the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. There is lack of evidence to show that Tai Chi exercise enhances the activity of parasympathetic nervous system though it has been claimed that practicing Tai Chi could do so. The author tested the hypothesis that Tai Chi exercise brings on an increase in parasympathetic nerve outputs (PNO). The PNO is evaluated by recording the bowel sounds using an audio recorder (Sony digital voice recorder ICD-PX Series) and the data analyses were done using NCH software (WavePad audio editor). The heart rate was simultaneously recorded using a fingertip pulse oximeter (Zacurate Pro Series 500DL) during Tai Chi exercise. All the data was repeatedly collected from a Tai Chi Master in a study period of 6 months. A total of 30 recordings were used to carry out the analysis. The audible bowel sounds occurred when the performer started to do the Ready-Movement of Yang-style Tai Chi. These Tai Chi induced-bowel sounds lasted from the beginning to the end of a set of movements (3-5 min for 24-moves style). The frequency of bowel sounds was in a range of 0.2 to 3.5 Hz. The average number of bowel sounds was approximately 2.5 sounds per Tai Chi Move. The intensity and frequency of the bowel sounds are not related to the change of the performer’s heart rate. In comparison, meditation or deep squat exercise performed by the Tai Chi master did not cause any changes in the bowel sounds. According to the autonomic innervation of the GI tract, increase of bowel movements is mediated by PNO. In conclusion, Tai Chi movements can simultaneously exercise skeletal muscles, sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. The enhancement of parasympathetic nervous system output by Tai Chi exercise is a valuable modality of physical exercise for wellness.

scholarly journals Dysfunctional Neurotransmitter Systems in Fibromyalgia, Their Role in Central Stress Circuitry and Pharmacological Actions on These Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Becker ◽  
Petra Schweinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Systems Change ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Cumulative Evidence ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Fibromyalgia is considered a stress-related disorder, and hypo- as well as hyperactive stress systems (sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) have been found. Some observations raise doubts on the view that alterations in these stress systems are solely responsible for fibromyalgia symptoms. Cumulative evidence points at dysfunctional transmitter systems that may underlie the major symptoms of the condition. In addition, all transmitter systems found to be altered in fibromyalgia influence the body's stress systems. Since both transmitter and stress systems change during chronic stress, it is conceivable that both systems change in parallel, interact, and contribute to the phenotype of fibromyalgia. As we outline in this paper, subgroups of patients might exhibit varying degrees and types of transmitter dysfunction, explaining differences in symptomatoloy and contributing to the heterogeneity of fibromyalgia. The finding that not all fibromyalgia patients respond to the same medications, targeting dysfunctional transmitter systems, further supports this hypothesis.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system activities in Pima Indians and Caucasians

Metabolism ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.Antonio Tataranni ◽  
Giovanni Cizza ◽  
Soren Snitker ◽  
Frank Gucciardo ◽  
Angela Lotsikas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pima Indians ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Peripheral Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Fisch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Urinary System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
System P ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Chapter 6 discusses how to draw the peripheral nervous system, specifically the autonomic nervous system, including autonomic fiber arrangements, the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, the urinary system, and the cardiac reflex.

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