scholarly journals Continuous-domain assignment flows

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
F. SAVARINO ◽  
C. SCHNÖRR
Keyword(s):  
Gradient Flow ◽  
Information Geometry ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Dynamical Models ◽  
Contextual Data ◽  
Domain Assignment ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Simple Convex ◽  
Dominant Part ◽  
Continuous Domain

Assignment flows denote a class of dynamical models for contextual data labelling (classification) on graphs. We derive a novel parametrisation of assignment flows that reveals how the underlying information geometry induces two processes for assignment regularisation and for gradually enforcing unambiguous decisions, respectively, that seamlessly interact when solving for the flow. Our result enables to characterise the dominant part of the assignment flow as a Riemannian gradient flow with respect to the underlying information geometry. We consider a continuous-domain formulation of the corresponding potential and develop a novel algorithm in terms of solving a sequence of linear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) subject to a simple convex constraint. Our result provides a basis for addressing learning problems by controlling such PDEs in future work.

scholarly journals Cognitive style and Computer-Assisted Learning: problems and a possible solution

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
User Performance ◽  
Computer Assisted Learning ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Suitable Measure

Although the notion of cognitive style has been around for some time, only in relatively recent times has there been a research interest in examining its effect on the performance of Computer-Assisted Learning (CAL) users. There are a number of practical difficulties associated with catering for different cognitive styles of CAL users. This paper identifies not only a style which influences CAL-user performance and overcomes many of the difficulties, but also a possible suitable measure of that style. Data on the reliability of this measure is reported, along with preliminary work on its use to cater for CAL users with different cognitive styles. Future work will focus on the development of the package and the predictive validity of the style measure.DOI:10.1080/0968776930010106

scholarly journals Markov blankets, information geometry and stochastic thermodynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 378 (2164) ◽  
pp. 20190159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr ◽  
Lancelot Da Costa ◽  
Karl Friston
Keyword(s):  
Gradient Flow ◽  
Information Geometry ◽  
Random Dynamical System ◽  
Stochastic Thermodynamics ◽  
Energy Principle ◽  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Autonomous Computing ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Weakly Mixing ◽  
The Relationship

This paper considers the relationship between thermodynamics, information and inference. In particular, it explores the thermodynamic concomitants of belief updating, under a variational (free energy) principle for self-organization. In brief, any (weakly mixing) random dynamical system that possesses a Markov blanket—i.e. a separation of internal and external states—is equipped with an information geometry. This means that internal states parametrize a probability density over external states. Furthermore, at non-equilibrium steady-state, the flow of internal states can be construed as a gradient flow on a quantity known in statistics as Bayesian model evidence. In short, there is a natural Bayesian mechanics for any system that possesses a Markov blanket. Crucially, this means that there is an explicit link between the inference performed by internal states and their energetics—as characterized by their stochastic thermodynamics. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Harmonizing energy-autonomous computing and intelligence’.

User Perception of Data and Medical Record Personalities

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin St-Maurice ◽  
Catherine M. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Medical Record ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Regional Survey ◽  
Contextual Data ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Cognitive Work ◽  
Future Work

Data quality is an important and costly topic in modern society, and data quality and contextual data quality are important components of the human-computer relationship. As a long-term design imperative, the user interface needs to be improved to support better data quality. To design for better data quality, this exploratory study characterizes physicians’ opinions on their own data and the data produced by their colleagues. Through a regional survey and semi-structured interviews, the issue of data style and medical record personality was a dominant theme. A record’s personality impacts an individual user’s willingness to accept the data it contains. Future work will incorporate these results into modeling the data quality problem with cognitive work analysis, and will explore design elements to support the design for better data quality.

scholarly journals Black-White Differences in Self-Reported Disability Outcomes in the U.S.: Early Childhood to Older Adulthood

2011 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 834-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amani M. Nuru-Jeter ◽  
Roland J. Thorpe ◽  
Esme Fuller-Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Black People ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
White People ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Hearing Problems

Objective. We examined black-white differences in activities of daily living (ADLs), functional limitations (FLs), vision/hearing/sensory impairment, and memory/learning problems in a large, nationally representative sample of community-dwelling and institutionalized people across the lifespan. Methods. Data are from the 2006 American Community Survey ( n=2,288,800). We included data on non-Hispanic black respondents (125,985 males and 145,780 females) and non-Hispanic white respondents (977,792 males and 1,039,243 females) ≥5 years of age. We used logistic regression to examine the black-white odds for each disability outcome. The overall response rate was 97.5%. Results. For FLs, ADL limitations, and memory/learning problems, black people experienced higher odds of disability across the adult lifespan compared with white people. Black-white differences narrowed in older age. For vision/hearing problems, a black-white crossover was found in older age (≥85 years), where odds of vision/hearing problems were lower among black people than among white people. For all disability outcomes, black-white differences peaked in midlife (50–69 years of age), with black people having approximately 1.5 to two times the odds of disabilities as their white peers. Conclusions. The study findings suggest the need to address black-white disparities across a range of disability outcomes throughout the lifespan. Future work identifying the factors accounting for this pattern of disparities will help inform the development of appropriate prevention strategies.

Present status of radio astrometry with baselines ≤ 35 km

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Future Work

A summary of results for radio astrometry with baselines ≤ 35 km and priorities for future work are given.

A Phonomotor Approach to Apraxia of Speech Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2109-2130
Author(s):  
Lauren Bislick
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
Apraxia Of Speech ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Treatment Gains ◽  
Future Work

Purpose This study continued Phase I investigation of a modified Phonomotor Treatment (PMT) Program on motor planning in two individuals with apraxia of speech (AOS) and aphasia and, with support from prior work, refined Phase I methodology for treatment intensity and duration, a measure of communicative participation, and the use of effect size benchmarks specific to AOS. Method A single-case experimental design with multiple baselines across behaviors and participants was used to examine acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of treatment effects 8–10 weeks posttreatment. Treatment was distributed 3 days a week, and duration of treatment was specific to each participant (criterion based). Experimental stimuli consisted of target sounds or clusters embedded nonwords and real words, specific to each participants' deficit. Results Findings show improved repetition accuracy for targets in trained nonwords, generalization to targets in untrained nonwords and real words, and maintenance of treatment effects at 10 weeks posttreatment for one participant and more variable outcomes for the other participant. Conclusions Results indicate that a modified version of PMT can promote generalization and maintenance of treatment gains for trained speech targets via a multimodal approach emphasizing repeated exposure and practice. While these results are promising, the frequent co-occurrence of AOS and aphasia warrants a treatment that addresses both motor planning and linguistic deficits. Thus, the application of traditional PMT with participant-specific modifications for AOS embedded into the treatment program may be a more effective approach. Future work will continue to examine and maximize improvements in motor planning, while also treating anomia in aphasia.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Long and Short Forms of the Worry Domains Questionnaire

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-243
Author(s):  
Roberto Nuevo ◽  
Andrés Losada ◽  
María Márquez-González ◽  
Cecilia Peñacoba
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Factorial Validity ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Future Work

The Worry Domains Questionnaire was proposed as a measure of both pathological and nonpathological worry, and assesses the frequency of worrying about five different domains: relationships, lack of confidence, aimless future, work, and financial. The present study analyzed the factor structure of the long and short forms of the WDQ (WDQ and WDQ-SF, respectively) through confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 262 students (M age = 21.8; SD = 2.6; 86.3% females). While the goodness-of-fit indices did not provide support for the WDQ, good fit indices were found for the WDQ-SF. Furthermore, no source of misspecification was identified, thus, supporting the factorial validity of the WDQ-SF scale. Significant positive correlations between the WDQ-SF and its subscales with worry (PSWQ), anxiety (STAI-T), and depression (BDI) were found. The internal consistency was good for the total scale and for the subscales. This work provides support for the use of the WDQ-SF, and potential uses for research and clinical purposes are discussed.

Psychology in Outerspace

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viren Swami ◽  
Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic ◽  
Manal Shafi
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Extraterrestrial Life ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
Future Work

Previous work has shown that is important to consider the disjunction between paranormal and nonparanormal beliefs about extraterrestrial life. The current study examined the association between both such beliefs and individual difference and demographic variables. A total of 555 British participants completed the Extraterrestrial Beliefs Scale, as well as measures of their Big Five personality scores, social conformity, sensation seeking, and demographics. Results showed no sex differences in ratings of paranormal and nonparanormal extraterrestrial beliefs, but participants rated nonparanormal beliefs more positively than paranormal beliefs. Results of structural equation modeling showed that individual difference factors (specifically, Openness, Conscientiousness, and social conformity) explained 21% of the variance in extraterrestrial beliefs, whereas demographic factors (specifically, education level, political orientation, and religiosity) explained 16% of the variance. Limitations and directions for future work are considered.

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