The Effect of Learning Methods and Cognitive Style on Student Learning Achievement

The purpose of this study was to examine: The effect of discussion and recitation methods on learning achievement, the effect of independent and dependent cognitive styles on learning achievement, the interaction between learning methods and cognitive style on learning achievement, whether learning achievement by using the discussion method with independent cognitive style was higher than the recitation learning method, whether learning achievement using the discussion method with a dependent cognitive style was higher than the recitation method. This research used quantitative research methods, the type of research was quasi-experimental factorial 2x2 with a population of 173 students and the sample was 61 students. The data collection technique used was a test of cognitive style and learning achievement. The analysis technique used two way ANOVA test and t-test. The results of hypothesis testing concluded: There was an influence of discussion learning methods and recitation learning methods on learning achievement, there was an influence of cognitive style on learning achievement, there was an interaction between learning methods and cognitive styles on student learning achievement, learning achievement using the discussion method of students who had independent cognitive style was higher than the dependent, learning achievement using the recitation method of students who had an independent cognitive style was not higher than the independent.

Analisis Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Pada Materi Garis Singgung Lingkaran Ditinjau dari Gaya Kognitif

This study aimed to describe students' ability in solving the tangent of the circle problems based on reflective and impulsive cognitive styles. This type of research was descriptive research. The sampling of this study were 4 students of class VIII-4 SMPN 4 Mataram who consisted of 2 reflective students and 2 impulsive students. Students with reflective cognitive style have a very good level of problem-solving ability. This is shown at the stage of understanding the problem, thinking of a plan, and carrying out the plan have done very well. Meanwhile, students with impulsive cognitive style have a level of problem-solving ability with sufficient and fewer categories. This is shown at the stage of thinking of a plan, carrying out the plan, and at the time of re-examining the results of students' work that they have not been able to do well.

Profil Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Siswa Kelas VIII pada Materi Sistem Persamaan Linear Dua Variabel Ditinjau dari Gaya Kognitif

The purpose of this study was to describe the problem-solving ability of eighth-grade junior high school students in terms of cognitive style in solving two-variable linear equations. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach. The subjects of this study were students of class VIII SMPN 1 Senduro, namely four students from each of two different types of cognitive styles. Collecting data using questionnaires, test methods, and interview methods. According to Polya, there are four steps in the problem-solving ability of students, namely understanding, planning, implementing, and re-checking. The results showed that students with a field-dependent cognitive style had difficulty in analyzing a problem because they could not apply the four Polya problem solving while the field independent type cognitive style was very able to apply the four problem-solving steps according to Polya, namely, understanding, planning, implementing, and doing recheck.

SELF-ORGANIZATION AND SELF-CONTROL OF REMOTE WORK SPECIALISTS WITH DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING COVID-19

This article presents materials which are a continuation of our research publication in 20192020. The first part of the research, devoted to working conditions and the subjective attitude of specialists with different individual typological characteristics to changed remote work due to COVD-19 conditions, is described in the article by Shirokaya M.Yu. and Zhukova O.I. (East European Science Journal, Vol. 3, N 9(73), 2021). This article is devoted to the study of the features of self-organization and self-control among specialists with different individual typological styles in the conditions of universal remote work, as a necessary measure to ensure health safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. 120 respondents took part in the study. A professional psychological questionnaire, the methodology "Individual typological characteristics of personality" (Sobchik, 2005), "Questionnaire of self-organization of activity" (Mandrikova, 2010) and the scale of "Self-control" (Ishkov, 2004) were used to obtain the results. It was found that all specialists in the conditions of universal remote work have a reduced level of purposefulness as a meaningful vision of the purpose of life with satisfaction with the process of achieving it. This disrupts the overall self-organization, its strategic component, which forms a temporary perspective for the future. Specialists with visual-imaginative cognitive style are distinguished by a high level of self-organization and self-control; the conditions of remote work do not cause such specialists to change either the strategy or tactics of doing work. Remote work specialists with an intuitive cognitive style are distinguished by a low level of selforganization. Remote work specialists with the formal-logical personality type also showed a low level of selforganization and an increase in working time despite the previously revealed experience. The verbal personality type is characterized by the worst indicators of remote work self-organization. Specialists with an accentuated type have a high level of self-organization; however, they spend a lot of effort and energy to maintain it. At the end, the practical significance of the study is given: the identification of an individual personal contribution to the formation of specialist’s with different cognitive styles self-organization allows you to find an individual approach to a specialist and help him realize and unlock the potential of self-organization for high efficiency in the conditions of remote work.

EXPRESS: Fooling System 1 in the field of perception: Failure to Intuitively Detect Attribute Substitution in the Flushtration Count Illusion

To facilitate our interactions with the surroundings, the human brain sometimes reshapes the situations that it faces in order to simplify them. This phenomenon has been widely studied in the context of reasoning, especially through the attribute substitution error. It has however been given much less attention in the field of perception. Recent research on the bat-and-ball problem suggests that reasoners are able to intuitively detect attribute substitution errors. Using a perceptual illusion drawn from the field of magic, we investigate the extent to which a perceptual form of attribute substitution depends on executive resources and can be detected. We also investigate the relationship between susceptibility to attribute substitution error in the flushtration count illusion and in a French adaptation of the bat-and ball problem. Finally, we investigate the link between the intuitive cognitive style (assessed by the Cognitive Reflection Test) and the susceptibility to the flushtration count illusion. Our results suggest that participants do not detect perceptual attribute substitution error, that this phenomenon could be independent of the executive resources allocated to the task, and could rest on mechanisms distinct from those that produce errors in reasoning. We discuss differences between these two phenomena, and factors that may explain them.

Social and labor stressors influencing disability in Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a controversial issue. If ADH represents a mental disorder, it must be the cause of a primary dysfunctionality and maladaptation from childhood to adult life. We will look for evidence to substantiate this discussion. We conducted an online survey about economic and academic performances and maladaptation, following a screening for ADHD using Adult Self Report Scale (ASRS). The subjects were naive. There were 2173 participants, of which 28.06% were ADH(+). Even regarding only subjects with extreme ASRS scores (<1.0 and >2.5), ADH(+) and (-) groups did not shown difference in functionality. We grouped subjects by professional career. The highest ADH(+) prevalence was found in publicity, where almost no difference in subjective suffering between the groups was observed. Our results indicate that ADH(+) people can show equivalent functionality and adaptability than ADH(-) ones when they live in their preferred labor/social niches, arguing that ADHD can be a different cognitive style with dysfunctionality and mental suffering could be secondary to social stress.

The Origin and Cultural Evolution of East Asian Cognitive Style: A Case Study of the Book of Changes (Yijing 易經)

Experimental tests about cross-cultural differentiation of cognitive style conclude that East Asian and Western cognition differ. Tendencies described as East Asian include holism, non-linearity, expectation of change, relationalism, field dependence, causal pluralism, dialecticism, and a tolerance of contradiction. Cross-cultural psychologists generally refrain from discussing the intellectual history or cultural evolution of these differences, preferring to explain results on cognitive scales in terms of results on social scales assessed using present-day participants. The present article attempts to partially close this explanatory gap through detailed discussion of tendencies of East Asian cognitive style as represented in what is probably the most influential book in the history of East Asia, The Book of Changes. This study purports to show (a) that the content of the Yijing 易經 and its commentaries is best described in terms of the cognitive tendencies just mentioned, (b) that reading the Yijing activated those cognitive tendencies, and (c) that the Yijing attained prodigious influence on subsequent Chinese and East Asian cultures through four known mechanisms of cultural transmission. Informed by this case study, researchers of cross-cultural cognition may be positioned to develop a richer appreciation of the cultural representation and evolution of East Asian cognitive style in historical context.

Testing cognitive and interpersonal asymmetry vs. symmetry among voters in the 2020 Presidential primaries

During the 2020 U.S. Presidential primary season, we measured candidate support and cognitive and interpersonal variables associated with political ideology among 831 U.S. participants. Cognitive style variables included openness to experience, active open-minded thinking, dogmatism, and preference for one right answer. Interpersonal variables were compassion and empathy. We modeled candidate support across the political spectrum, ranging from the most conservative to the most liberal (Trump, Bloomberg, Biden, Warren, Sanders), testing competing pre-registered predictions informed by the symmetry and asymmetry perspectives on political ideology. Specifically, we tested whether mean levels on the variables of interest across candidate supporters conformed to patterns consistent with symmetry (i.e., a curvilinear pattern with supporters of relatively extreme candidates being similar to each other relative to supporters of moderate candidates) vs. asymmetry (e.g., linear differences across supporters of liberal vs. conservative candidates). Results broadly supported the asymmetry perspective: Supporters of liberal candidates were generally lower on cognitive rigidity and higher on interpersonal warmth than supporters of conservative candidates. Results and implications are discussed.