Cultural Metallurgy—A Key Factor in the Transition from the Chalcolithic to Bronze Age in the Southern Levant

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Nissim Amzallag
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Practical Approach ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
Late Chalcolithic ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Bronze Age

The causes of the disappearance of Late Chalcolithic society (Ghassulian) in the early fourth millennium bc remain obscure. This study identifies the collapse as the consequence of a change in the approach to metallurgy from cosmological fundament (Late Chalcolithic) to a practical craft (EB1). This endogenous transition accounts for the cultural recession characterizing the transitional period (EB1A) and the discontinuity in ritual practices. The new practical approach in metallurgy is firstly observed in the southern margin of the Ghassulian culture, which produced copper for distribution in the Nile valley rather than the southern Levant. Nevertheless, the Ghassulian cultural markers visible in the newly emerging areas of copper working (southern coastal plain, Nile valley) denote the survival of the old cosmological traditions among metalworkers of the EB1 culture. Their religious expression unveils the extension of the Ghassulian beliefs attached to metallurgy and their metamorphosis into the esoteric fundaments of the Bronze Age religions.

Metals and Metallurgy

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Muhly
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Molten Copper ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Late Chalcolithic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Bronze Age

This article reviews the impact of metals and metallurgy on Anatolian societies, from the first emergence of metal experimentation in the Neolithic to the full-blown metallurgical societies of the Bronze Age. Evidence suggests that Late Chalcolithic metalworkers thought of tin as a metal to be used for coating the surface of a copper artifact, presumably to imitate the appearance of silver, before they thought of adding tin to molten copper to produce bronze. During the transition from Late Chalcolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age, ca. 3000 BCE, the main focus of metallurgical development in Anatolia shifted from the eastern part of the country to central and western Anatolia.

The Siting of Metalwork Hoards in the Bronze Age of South-East England

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 41-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Yates ◽  
Richard Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Field Systems ◽  
South East England ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
As If

AbstractThe paper discusses the siting of Middle and Late Bronze Age hoards in south Hampshire, Sussex and parts of Surrey and Kent. It presents the results of fieldwork at the findspots of a hundred metalwork deposits and discusses the most informative ways of studying them on the ground. On the coastal plain the hoards were not far from occupation sites, and can be associated with evidence of burnt mounds and occasionally with field systems. That was less common on the chalk. Throughout the study area these deposits were normally located along watercourses, with a special emphasis on small areas of ground beside, or overlooking springs and confluences. It seems as if the deposition of bronze metalwork was governed by certain conventions. For that reason it may be possible to predict the pattern of future discoveries.

scholarly journals SHIMAILY – A NEW LOCATION OF PETROGLYPHS IN EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN 

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
З. Самашев
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
New Information ◽  
Mountain Goats ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
Animal Images ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Bronze Age

В статье приводятся сведения о петроглифах урочища Шимайлы на территории Тарбагатайского района Восточно-Казахстанской области Республики Казахстан. Наскальное искусство этого памятника охватывает время от эпохи бронзы до раннего средневековья. Основные мотивы изображений бронзового века антропоморфная фигура, зооморфные изображения, колесница, знаки-символы и предметы вооружения. Основу звериного образа наскальных изображений Шимайлы бронзового века составляет триада рогатых животных: бык, горный козел/архар, олень. В репертуар петроглифов эпохи бронзы входят также и другие травоядные животные, хищные звери и птицы. Последние представлены изображениями дрофы, которые чаще всего включены в состав многофигурных композиций. Хищники представлены фигурами волков, которые преследуют или терзают парнокопытных. К переходному периоду от эпохи бронзы к раннему железному веку в Шимайлы относятся образы птицеголовых или клювастых оленей, идентичные фигурам на так называемых оленных камнях. К раннесакскому и развитому сакскому периодам относятся изображения оленей поджарых, в летящей позе и/или стоящих на кончиках копыт, с большими глазами, ветвистыми откинутыми назад рогами. Зафиксированы тамги средневековых народов. The article includes new information on the petroglyphs of the Shimaily (Tarbagatai district of the East Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan). The imagery of this rock art site is related to the period from the Bronze Age to the Early Middle Ages. The main images of the Bronze Age are an anthropomorphic figure, numerous zoomorphic images, a chariot, depictions of weapons, signs and symbols. Animal images are basically represented by the figures of bulls, mountain goats and deer. Other herbivores are also depicted as well as predators and birds. The latter are represented by images of bustards, which are most often included in the multi-figure compositions. Predators are mostly wolves that shown in the scenes of pursuing or tormenting the artiodactyls. Another series of images in Shimaily refers to the transitional period from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. These are birdheaded or beaked deer, identical to the figures depicted on the so-called deer stones. The Early Saka and developed Saka periods include a series of typical deer figures: theiy are lean, flying and/or standing on the tips of the hoofs, with large eyes, with branchy antlers thrown back. The tamga-signs of the medieval peoples are also recorded in Shimaily.

Anatolia and the Transcaucasus Themes and Variations ca. 6400–1500 B.C.E.

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sagona
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Late Chalcolithic ◽  
Chalcolithic Period ◽  
Identity Attitudes ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Bronze Age

This article examines Anatolian–Transcaucasian interactions spanning the Chalcolithic through the Bronze Age. The five millennia surveyed here have highlighted some broad patterns of cultural interaction. At present, evidence suggests that farming was introduced to the Transcaucasus. It appears fully fledged in the late seventh millennium BCE, together with compounds of round houses built for the most part with plano-convex bricks. The degree of interplay with surrounding regions cannot be ascertained, but it does appear that in these formative centuries Transcaucasian communities remained isolated and developed their own distinctive cultural identity. Attitudes changed in the Late Neolithic when Halaf networks made inroads into the mountains of southern Transcaucasia, probably to exploit the rich sources of obsidian. The tempo of communication accelerated during the Late Chalcolithic period.

Chalcolithic groundwater mining in the southern Levant: open, vertical shafts in the Late Chalcolithic central coastal plain settlement landscape of Israel

Levant ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Edwin C. M. van den Brink ◽  
Oren Ackermann ◽  
Yaakov Anker ◽  
Yeshua Dray ◽  
Gilad Itach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Late Chalcolithic ◽  
Settlement Landscape

The Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in northeast Anatolia: a view from Sos Höyük

1999 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 153-158
Author(s):  
Antonio Sagona
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Late Chalcolithic ◽  
Stratigraphic Record ◽  
The Bronze Age

The ancient settlement of Sos Höyük, situated east of Erzurum, is providing a significant stratigraphic sequence of human occupation from the Late Chalcolithic to the Medieval period. This sequence includes the transition from the end of the Bronze Age into the first centuries of the Iron Age, a period which is surrounded by difficult but intriguing historical questions. At the mound of Sos Höyük evidence for this transition is starting to emerge from a relatively small operation on the northern slope, midway down the mound, in trenches M15 and L16.The stratigraphic record at Sos Höyük together with a large range of radiocarbon readings taken from samples collected over four seasons of excavation indicate that the site was occupied throughout the late fourth/third millennium BC and intermittently in the second millennium. The earliest centuries of the second millennium BC are best defined by storage pits, wattle and daub dwellings and burials that conform generally to a tradition initially documented by Kuftin in his excavations of the Trialeti kurgan burials near Tbilisi, Georgia (Kuftin 1941; Miron, Orthmann 1995: 79–94).

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