Unity and Divergence: Scandinavian Internationalism, 1914–1921

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN GRAM-SKJOLDAGER ◽  
ØYVIND TØNNESSON
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
First World War ◽  
International Community ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
First World

AbstractScandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden) is frequently seen as a democratic ‘island of peace’ in international politics and the three states are seen as ardent supporters of an ‘international community’ under the umbrella of the United Nations as well as its predecessor, the League of Nations. This article seeks to challenge this idealised, unitary conception of Scandinavian peace politics by exploring how different strands of internationalism, as transnational phenomena, developed from the outbreak of the First World War until the three states became members of the League. Initially, that development was more or less independent of official foreign policy. The article explains how and to what degree new internationalist ideas were eventually merged with traditional neutralist Scandinavian foreign policies.

The Compost Wars

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Popular Audience ◽  
First World

After the death of Gabrielle Howard from cancer, Albert married her sister Louise. Louise had been pressured to leave Cambridge as a classics lecturer as a result of her pro-peace writings during the First World War. After working for Virginia Wolf, she then worked for the League of Nations in Geneva. Louise was herself an expert on labor and agriculture, and helped Albert write for a popular audience. Albert Howard toured plantations around the world advocating the Indore Method. After the publication of the Agricultural Testament (1943), Albert Howard focused on popularizing his work among gardeners and increasingly connected his composting methods to issues of human health.

Philosophical idealism and international politics: Bosanquet, Treitschke and war

1975 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Savigear
Keyword(s):  
International Politics ◽  
First World War ◽  
The State ◽  
General Interest ◽  
World War ◽  
International Theory ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Bernard Bosanquet spent the First World War at his cottage in Oxshott, in Surrey, and from here he measured the implications of the conflict for his philosophy of the state. The result of this reflection is available to us in the letters which he wrote during the war, and a variety of lectures and papers. His ideas, therefore, have a general interest to students of international theory.

Railway Workers and Relational History: Arabs and Jews in British-Ruled Palestine

1993 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Lockman
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Administrative District ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Railway Workers ◽  
Relational History ◽  
First World

During the period of Ottoman rule over the Arab East, from 1516 until the end of the First World War, the term Palestine (Filastin) denoted a geographic region, part of what the Arabs called al-Sham (historic Syria), rather than a specific Ottoman province or administrative district. By contrast, from 1920 to 1948, Palestine existed as a distinct and unified political (and to a considerable extent economic) entity with well-defined boundaries. Ruled by Britain under a so-called mandate granted by the League of Nations, Palestine in that period encompassed an Arab majority and a Jewish minority.

Open Diplomacy at the Washington Conference of 1921–2: The British and French Experience

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Birn
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
French Experience ◽  
The First World War ◽  
World Opinion ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

The widespread reaction against secret diplomacy which followed the First World War led to demands that statesmen conduct their affairs openly and be responsive to public opinion. The specific forms that Open Diplomacy might take in the post-war world were hard to envision, even for the most ardent advocates of change. At the Paris Peace Conference several hundred newsmen discovered that ‘open covenants openly arrived at’ did not mean that negotiations would be held in public. Similarly, the whole process by which governments were supposed to determine domestic or world opinion on a given issue and then formulate policies in accord with it was easier to talk about than to implement. If supporters of Open Diplomacy wanted simplicity, they were in fact getting a host of new complexities in their quest for a more democratic foreign policy.

scholarly journals Nationalism, the First World War, and sites of international memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenda Sluga
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World ◽  
Role Of Men

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to restore the history of internationalism to our understanding of the legacy of the First World War, and the role of universities in that past. It begins by emphasising the war’s twin legacy, namely, the twin principles of the peace: national self-determination and the League of Nations. Design/methodology/approach It focuses on the intersecting significance and meaning attributed to the related terms patriotism and humanity, nationalism and internationalism, during the war and after. A key focus is the memorialization of Edith Cavell, and the role of men and women in supporting a League of Nations. Findings The author finds that contrary to conventional historical opinion, internationalism was as significant as nationalism during the war and after, thanks to the influence and ideas of men and women connected through university networks. Research limitations/implications The author’s argument is based on an examination of British imperial sources in particular. Originality/value The implications of this argument are that historians need to recover the international past in histories of nationalism.

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