As cochlear implants have become increasingly successful in the rehabilitation of adults with profound hearing impairment, the number of pediatric implant subjects has increased. We have developed an animal model of congenital deafness and investigated the effect of electrical stimulus frequency on the temporal resolution of central neurons in the developing auditory system of deaf cats. Maximum following frequencies (Fmax) and response latencies of isolated single neurons to intracochlear electrical pulse trains (charge balanced, constant current biphasic pulses) were recorded in the contralateral inferior colliculus (IC) of two groups of neonatally deafened, barbiturate-anesthetized cats: animals chronically stimulated with low-frequency signals (≤80 Hz) and animals receiving chronic high-frequency stimulation (≥300 pps). The results were compared with data from unstimulated, acutely deafened and implanted adult cats with previously normal hearing (controls). Characteristic differences were seen between the temporal response properties of neurons in the external nucleus (ICX; ∼16% of the recordings) and neurons in the central nucleus (ICC; ∼81% of all recordings) of the IC: 1) in all three experimental groups, neurons in the ICX had significantly lower Fmax and longer response latencies than those in the ICC. 2) Chronic electrical stimulation in neonatally deafened cats altered the temporal resolution of neurons exclusively in the ICC but not in the ICX. The magnitude of this effect was dependent on the frequency of the chronic stimulation. Specifically, low-frequency signals (30 pps, 80 pps) maintained the temporal resolution of ICC neurons, whereas higher-frequency stimuli significantly improved temporal resolution of ICC neurons (i.e., higher Fmax and shorter response latencies) compared with neurons in control cats. Furthermore, Fmax and latencies to electrical stimuli were not correlated with the tonotopic gradient of the ICC, and changes in temporal resolution following chronic electrical stimulation occurred uniformly throughout the entire ICC. In all three experimental groups, increasing Fmax was correlated with shorter response latencies. The results indicate that the temporal features of the chronically applied electrical signals critically influence temporal processing of neurons in the cochleotopically organized ICC. We suggest that such plastic changes in temporal processing of central auditory neurons may contribute to the intersubject variability and gradual improvements in speech recognition performance observed in clinical studies of deaf children using cochlear implants.
Local inner ear application of dexamethasone in cochlear implant models is safe for auditory neurons and increases the neuroprotective effect of chronic electrical stimulation