Differential Roles of Water-Insoluble and Water-Soluble Fractions of Diesel Exhaust Particles in the Development of Adverse Health Effects Due to Chronic Instillation of Diesel Exhaust Particles

Support Functions ◽

Engine Emissions ◽

Jet Engine ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Adverse Health ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Abstract Background Airport personnel are at risk of occupational exposure to jet engine emissions, which similarly to diesel exhaust emissions include volatile organic compounds and particulate matter consisting of an inorganic carbon core with associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Diesel exhaust is classified as carcinogenic and the particulate fraction has in itself been linked to several adverse health effects including cancer. Method In this review, we summarize the available scientific literature covering human health effects of exposure to airport emissions, both in occupational settings and for residents living close to airports. We also report the findings from the limited scientific mechanistic studies of jet engine emissions in animal and cell models. Results Jet engine emissions contain large amounts of nano-sized particles, which are particularly prone to reach the lower airways upon inhalation. Size of particles and emission levels depend on type of aircraft, engine conditions, and fuel type, as well as on operation modes. Exposure to jet engine emissions is reported to be associated with biomarkers of exposure as well as biomarkers of effect among airport personnel, especially in ground-support functions. Proximity to running jet engines or to the airport as such for residential areas is associated with increased exposure and with increased risk of disease, increased hospital admissions and self-reported lung symptoms. Conclusion We conclude that though the literature is scarce and with low consistency in methods and measured biomarkers, there is evidence that jet engine emissions have physicochemical properties similar to diesel exhaust particles, and that exposure to jet engine emissions is associated with similar adverse health effects as exposure to diesel exhaust particles and other traffic emissions.

Health Effects of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles

The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology ◽

10.1146/annurev.pa.27.040187.001431 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 279-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 167

Author(s):

R O McClellan

Keyword(s):

Health Effects ◽

Diesel Exhaust ◽

96/05589 Potential adverse health effects from diesel exhaust

Fuel and Energy Abstracts ◽

10.1016/0140-6701(96)80247-5 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 387

Keyword(s):

Health Effects ◽

Diesel Exhaust ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Adverse Health

A metric for health effects studies of diesel exhaust particles

Journal of Aerosol Science ◽

10.1016/j.jaerosci.2009.04.008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 40 (8) ◽

pp. 639-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

B. Giechaskiel ◽

B. Alföldy ◽

Y. Drossinos

Keyword(s):

Health Effects ◽

Diesel Exhaust ◽

The Acute Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles and Different Fractions Exposure on Blood Coagulation Function in Mice

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084136 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4136

Author(s):

Jian Lei ◽

Zhouzhou Li ◽

Xingke Huang ◽

Xin Li ◽

Guangzheng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Coagulation ◽

Diesel Exhaust ◽

Bleeding Time ◽

Acute Effect ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Exposure Group ◽

Coagulation Function ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The toxicity and widespread exposure opportunity of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has aroused public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of DEP and different fractions exposure on blood coagulation function in mice. In this study, nine- week-old C57BL/6J male mice were divided into four exposure groups (with 15 mice in each group). The water-soluble (WS) and water-insoluble (WIS) fractions of DEP were isolated, and intratracheal instillation was used for DEP, WS and WIS exposure. The phosphate buffer saline (PBS) exposure group was set as the control group. After 24 h exposure, the mice were sacrificed for blood routine, coagulation function and bleeding time examinations to estimate the acute effect of DEP, WS and WIS exposure on the blood coagulation function. In our results, no statistically significant difference in weight of body, brain and lung was observed in different exposure groups. While several core indexes in blood coagulation like bleeding time (BT), fibrinogen (FIB), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) altered or showed a lower tendency after DEP, WS and WIS exposure. For example, BT was lower In WIS exposure group (211.00 s) compared with PBS exposure group (238.50 s) (p < 0.01), and FIB was lower in WS exposure group (233.00 g/L) compared with PBS exposure group (249.50 g/L) (p < 0.05). Additionally, systemic inflammation-related indexes like white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEUT), lymphocyte count (LYMPH) altered after DEP, WS and WIS exposure. In conclusion, DEP, WS and WIS fractions exposure could result in the hypercoagulable state of blood in mice. The noteworthy effects of WS and WIS fractions exposure on blood coagulation function deserve further investigation of the potential mechanism.

Differential Roles of Water–Insoluble and –Soluble Fractions of Diesel Exhaust Particles in the Development of Adverse Health Effects due to Chronic Instillation of Diesel Exhaust Particles

10.21203/rs.3.rs-527024/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yanyi Xu ◽

Zhouzhou Li ◽

Ying Liu ◽

Bin Pan ◽

Renzheng Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Hepatic Steatosis ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

Systemic Inflammation ◽

Diesel Exhaust ◽

Cell Number ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Abstract Background: Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has a marked temporospatial variation in chemical composition, but how the composition of PM2.5 influences its toxicity remains elusive. Results: To explore the individual roles of different PM2.5 components in the pathogenesis due to PM2.5 exposure, we prepared water-soluble (WS-DEP) and -insoluble (WIS-DEP) fractions of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and assessed their effects on pulmonary and systemic inflammation, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, systemic glucose homeostasis, and gut microbiota using chronic intratracheal instillation mouse models. Compared to control, instillation of DEP or WIS-DEP, but not WS-DEP, significantly increased pulmonary inflammatory scores and expression of inflammatory markers, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell number, and circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Consistently, DEP or WIS-DEP-instilled but not WS-DEP-instilled mice versus control had significant hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance and systemic glucose intolerance. In contrast, instillation of WS-DEP versus instillation of WIS-DEP had more similar effects on gut microbiota to that of instillations of DEP. Conclusion: The pulmonary and systemic inflammation, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, and systemic glucose intolerance following chronic DEP instillation are all attributable to the water-insoluble fraction of DEP, providing a mechanistic interpretation for the apparent independency of PM2.5 exposure-induced glucose intolerance on PM2.5 composition.