soluble fractions
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2022 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 114540
Author(s):  
Caio Silvestre Lima Sanson ◽  
Cristiane Vieira Helm ◽  
Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhães ◽  
Graciela Inés Bolzon de Muniz ◽  
André Luiz Missio ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
R. K. Padhi

surface water dissolved organic matter feature substantial portion of terrestrial origin and serve as important precursor for toxic disinfection byproduct formation.In the present study, organic matter extracted from the composite...


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Khalil ◽  
Estelle Legin ◽  
Bernard Kurek ◽  
Patrick Perre ◽  
Behnam Taidi

Abstract Background Solid-state fermentation is a fungal culture technique used to produce compounds and products of industrial interest. The growth behaviour of filamentous fungi on solid media is challenging to study due to the intermixity of the substrate and the growing organism. Several strategies are available to measure indirectly the fungal biomass during the fermentation such as following the biochemical production of mycelium-specific components or microscopic observation. The microscopic observation of the development of the mycelium, on lignocellulosic substrate, has not been reported. In this study, we set up an experimental protocol based on microscopy and image processing through which we investigated the growth pattern of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on different Miscanthus x giganteus biomass fractions. Results Object coalescence, the occupied surface area, and radial expansion of the colony were measured in time. The substrate was sterilized by autoclaving, which could be considered a type of pre-treatment. The fastest growth rate was measured on the unfractionated biomass, followed by the soluble fraction of the biomass, then the residual solid fractions. The growth rate on the different fractions of the substrate was additive, suggesting that both the solid and soluble fractions were used by the fungus. Based on the FTIR analysis, there were differences in composition between the solid and soluble fractions of the substrate, but the main components for growth were always present. We propose using this novel method for measuring the very initial fungal growth by following the variation of the number of objects over time. Once growth is established, the growth can be followed by measurement of the occupied surface by the mycelium. Conclusion Our data showed that the growth was affected from the very beginning by the nature of the substrate. The most extensive colonization of the surface was observed with the unfractionated substrate containing both soluble and solid components. The methodology was practical and may be applied to investigate the growth of other fungi, including the influence of environmental parameters on the fungal growth.


2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
R. Zhao ◽  
F. He ◽  
F. Behrendt ◽  
J. Cai ◽  
A. Dieguez-Alonso ◽  
...  

In order to deepen the understanding of the thermochemical behavior of reactive inorganics, which play an important role in slagging and fouling during combustion of agro-stalks, the oxidation behavior of the water-soluble fraction of corn stover, wheat straw and rice straw was examined using a simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer. The oxidation characteristics were discussed in combination with elemental analysis of water-soluble fractions. Results showed that reactive inorganics elements account for 30–40% in water-soluble fractions of the three agro-stalks and carbon was oxidized at two separate stages. Four stages were found during oxidation of water-soluble fractions – (1) devolatilisation of organics (100‒400 °C); (2) oxidation of char (400–650 °C); (3) oxidation of char with melting of salts or decomposition of carbonate (650–800 °C); (4) vaporization of KCl (800–1000 °C). This work provides a base study for an optimized design of combustion for agro-stalks and pharmaceutical waste.


Ecotoxicology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Cristina Nascimento de Santana ◽  
Fernando Cesar Perina ◽  
Rafael André Lourenço ◽  
Josilene da Silva ◽  
Lucas Buruaem Moreira ◽  
...  

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1028
Author(s):  
Juqin An ◽  
Dilnurt Talifu ◽  
Xiang Ding ◽  
Longyi Shao ◽  
Xinming Wang ◽  
...  

In order to evaluate the toxicity of PM2.5 in the Dushanzi area, PM2.5 samples were collected from December 2015 to July 2016, and a plasmid DNA damage assessment method was used to analyze the variation in the oxidative damage ability and its relationship with sampling conditions and toxic components (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy metals) loaded on the surface of PM2.5. The results showed that the TD30 values (toxic dosage of PM2.5 causing 30% of plasmid DNA damage) of both the whole samples and the water-soluble fractions were lower during the heating period (369 μg/mL and 536 μg/mL, respectively), but higher in the dust period and non-heating period (681 μg/mL and 498 μg/mL, respectively; and 804 μg/mL and 847 μg/mL, respectively). Studies on the effect of meteorological parameters showed an increasing trend in TD30 values for the whole samples and the water-soluble fractions as relative humidity, temperature and wind speed decrease. TD30 values for the whole samples and the water-soluble fractions were negatively correlated with Flu (r = −0.690,r = −0.668; p < 0.05), Flt (r =−0.671, r = −0.760; p < 0.05), BaP (r = −0.672, r = −0.725; p < 0.05), IcdP (r = −0.694, r = −0.740; p < 0.05), Pyr (r = −0.727, r = −0.768; p < 0.01) and BghiP (r = −0.874, r = −0.845; p < 0.01) during the heating period, while As (r = 0.792, r = 0.749; p < 0.05) and Sr (r = 0.776, r = 0.754; p < 0.05) during the dust period showed significant positive correlation. In addition, the TD30 values of PM2.5 collected during sand blowing weather was the highest (1458 μg/mL and 1750 μg/mL), while the average TD30 value of PM2.5 collected on hazy days were the lowest (419.8 μg/mL and 488.6 μg/mL). Particles collected on the first day after snowfall showed a lower oxidizing capacity (676 μg/mL and 1330 μg/mL). The characteristic TD30 values combined with back trajectory analysis indicated that hazy days were heavily influenced by air masses originating from the southern continent and local emissions, whereas the sand blowing weather came from the north of the Taklimakan Desert.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
B.S. Audu ◽  
M. Damshit ◽  
J.O. Omirinde ◽  
I.A. Wakawa ◽  
Y. Sulaiman ◽  
...  

Waste dry cell batteries are frequently improperly disposed and subsequently washed into water bodies-- causing deleterious effects on fish particularly Clarias gariepinus which inhabits diverse freshwater habitats. Acute toxicity of water-soluble fractions of waste dry cell batteries was investigated on C. gariepinus fingerlings under laboratory conditions in 96 hours. Ten (10) C. gariepinus fingerlings were exposed to acute concentrations (0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 g/L) of waste dry cell batteries and a control (0.00 g/L), each duplicate replicated. Histopathological alterations  evident in the gills were lamellar fusion, hyperplasia, inter-lamella space occlusion, hypertrophy and erosion of secondary lamellae. The liver showed nuclear and hepatocytes degeneration, vacuolation and portal congestion. Acute concentrations of water-soluble fractions of waste dry cell batteries caused significant (P<0.05) changes in the histomorphology of the gills and liver of C. gariepinus fingerlings, therefore indiscriminate disposal of waste dry cell batteries around riparian ecosystem should be safeguarded to reduce the declining diversity and abundance of freshwater fish species. Keywords: African catfish, 96 hr.LC50, Fingerlings, Histopathology Zinc-carbon battery


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