ABSTRACT
HIV-1 replication requires direct interaction between HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and cellular eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A). Our previous work showed that disrupting this interaction inhibited HIV-1 uncoating, reverse transcription, and replication, indicating its potential as an anti-HIV-1 target. In this study, we developed a sensitive, live-cell split-luciferase complementation assay (NanoBiT) to quantitatively measure inhibition of HIV-1 RT interaction with eEF1A. We used this to screen a small molecule library and discovered small-molecule oxazole-benzenesulfonamides (C7, C8, and C9), which dose dependently and specifically inhibited the HIV-1 RT interaction with eEF1A. These compounds directly bound to HIV-1 RT in a dose-dependent manner, as assessed by a biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay, but did not bind to eEF1A. These oxazole-benzenesulfonamides did not inhibit enzymatic activity of recombinant HIV-1 RT in a homopolymer assay but did inhibit reverse transcription and infection of both wild-type (WT) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant HIV-1 in a dose-dependent manner in HEK293T cells. Infection of HeLa cells was significantly inhibited by the oxazole-benzenesulfonamides, and the antiviral activity was most potent against replication stages before 8 h postinfection. In human primary activated CD4+ T cells, C7 inhibited HIV-1 infectivity and replication up to 6 days postinfection. The data suggest a novel mechanism of HIV-1 inhibition and further elucidate how the RT-eEF1A interaction is important for HIV-1 replication. These compounds provide potential to develop a new class of anti-HIV-1 drugs to treat WT and NNRTI-resistant strains in people infected with HIV.
IMPORTANCE Antiretroviral drugs protect many HIV-positive people, but their success can be compromised by drug-resistant strains. To combat these strains, the development of new classes of HIV-1 inhibitors is essential and a priority in the field. In this study, we identified small molecules that bind directly to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and inhibit its interaction with cellular eEF1A, an interaction which we have previously identified as crucial for HIV-1 replication. These compounds inhibit intracellular HIV-1 reverse transcription and replication of WT HIV-1, as well as HIV-1 mutants that are resistant to current RT inhibitors. A novel mechanism of action involving inhibition of the HIV-1 RT-eEF1A interaction is an important finding and a potential new way to combat drug-resistant HIV-1 strains in infected people.
Structure-Based Design of a Small Molecule CD4-Antagonist with Broad Spectrum Anti-HIV-1 Activity
