This paper focuses on a detailed comparison, based on the F2-layer peak characteristics foF2 and hmF2, between the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), which is a climatological empirical model of the terrestrial ionosphere, and the IRI Real-Time Assimilative Mapping (IRTAM) procedure, which is a real-time version of IRI based on data assimilation from a global network of ionosondes. To perform such a comparison, two different kinds of datasets have been considered: (1) foF2 and hmF2 as recorded by 40 ground-based ionosondes spread all over the world from 2000 to 2019; (2) foF2 and hmF2 from space-based COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 radio occultation measurements recorded from 2006 to 2018. The aim of the paper is to understand whether and how much IRTAM improves IRI foF2 and hmF2 outputs for different locations and under different diurnal, seasonal, solar and magnetic activity conditions. The main outcomes of the study are: (1) when ionosonde observations are considered for validation, IRTAM significantly improves the IRI foF2 modeling both in accuracy and precision, while a slight improvement in the IRI hmF2 modeling is observed for specific locations and conditions; (2) when COSMIC observations are considered for validation, no noticeable improvement is observed from the IRTAM side for both foF2 and hmF2. Indeed, IRTAM can improve the IRI foF2 description only nearby the assimilated ionosonde locations, while the IRI hmF2 description is always more accurate and precise than IRTAM one.
Real-Time Description of the Electronic Dynamics for a Molecule Close to a Plasmonic Nanoparticle
