Cobalt-Catalyzed Vinylic C–H Addition to Formaldehyde: Synthesis of Butenolides from Acrylic Acids and HCHO

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuling Yu ◽  
Chao Hong ◽  
Zhanxiang Liu ◽  
Yuhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Formaldehyde Synthesis ◽  
Acrylic Acids

Formaldehyde Synthesis over Foam Metal Catalysts

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (999) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Alexey Pestryakov ◽  
Valerii Lunin
Keyword(s):  
Metal Catalysts ◽  
Foam Metal ◽  
Formaldehyde Synthesis

THE TRANSMISSION OF POLAR EFFECTS: PART II. THE KINETICS OF ESTERIFICATION WITH DIAZODIPHENYLMETHANE AND THE IONIZATION OF 3-SUBSTITUTED ACRYLIC ACIDS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 3354-3363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Butyl Alcohol ◽  
Polar Effect ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Benzoic Acids ◽  
Linear Free Energy ◽  
Substituted Benzoic Acids ◽  
Energy Relations ◽  
Acrylic Acids ◽  
Kinetics Of

The rate coefficients for the reaction with diazodiphenylmethane in ethanol, t-butyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate at 30° and the pKa values in water at 25° of fourteen 3-substituted acrylic acids have been determined. The effect of substitution is assessed by use of linear free energy relations. A definite incremental acid-strengthening effect solely due to cis-substitution is confirmed. This is not a "bulk" steric effect and is due solely to the orientation of substitution. The polar effect of a substituent is found to be approximately the same from the cis- or trans-position. An attempt is made to test the suggested mechanisms for the transmission of the polar effect. In the reactions studied the transmission of the polar effect in 3-substituted acrylic acid and ortho-substituted benzoic acids is approximately twice that of the meta- or para-substituted benzoic acids. This appears to be reasonably accommodated by a significant field effect.

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