Sustained Release of Exendin 4 Using Injectable and Ionic-Nano-Complex Forming Polymer Hydrogel System for Long-Term Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 15201-15211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Bae Seo ◽  
Mi-Ran Park ◽  
Soo-Chang Song

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 665-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Araki ◽  
Y. Tanizawa ◽  
Y. Tanaka ◽  
A. Taniguchi ◽  
K. Koiwai ◽  
...  


2000 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Bugos ◽  
Matthew Austin ◽  
Tracy Atherton ◽  
Christopher Viereck


2012 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 174-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Yi ◽  
Xiao-En He ◽  
Kai-Fey Luo ◽  
Gen-Shui Zhang ◽  
Ying-Hua Liu ◽  
...  


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato Odawara ◽  
Ryuzo Kawamori ◽  
Naoko Tajima ◽  
Yasuhiko Iwamoto ◽  
Shigeru Kageyama ◽  
...  


2005 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shosaku Nomura ◽  
Akira Shouzu ◽  
Seitarou Omoto ◽  
Mitsushige Nishikawa ◽  
Toshiji Iwasaka




2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 1794-1798
Author(s):  
Lata Kanyal Butola ◽  
Roshan Kumar Jha ◽  
Ranjit Ambad ◽  
Deepika Kanyal ◽  
Jayshri Jankar

Several studies have confirmed the increased incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin is currently the most commonly used anti-diabetic drug, metformin being prescribed as first-line therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worldwide. Other disorders including insulin resistance, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), can also be treated with metformin. Metformin has positive effects on metabolism, weight loss, and vascular defence of carbohydrates, but it also has significant side effects. Patients on long-term treatment with metformin, for example, have been shown to be at risk of anemia. This may be because of a decrease in metformin-related vitamin B12. It is estimated that 30 percent of patients undergoing long-term metformin treatment have experienced vitamin B12 malabsorption, with a 14 percent to 30 percent reduction in serum vitamin B12 concentration. A critical nutrient for wellbeing is vitamin B12. It plays a significant role in the functioning and the production of red blood cells in the brain and nervous system. In addition to anemia, a deficiency of vitamin B12 may increase the severity of peripheral neuropathy in T2DM patients. In addition, since vitamin B12 is involved in the most critical homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism pathway, a decrease in vitamin B12 will increase plasma concentrations of Hcy, which in patients with T2DM and PCOS is closely linked to cardiovascular disease. Evaluating serum vitamin B12 levels will also provide an early diagnosis of the status of the deficiency. This will offer an incentive for harm caused by routine screening and early detection to be reversed. KEY WORDS Vitamin B12, Metformin, Diabetes Mellitus, Glycated Hb



2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Megasari Winahyu ◽  
Revi Anggita ◽  
Giri Widakdo

Diabetes mellitus as a chronic disease requires a long-term care, which influence the quality of life (QOL). A mechanism perceived by the patients who engage in long-term treatment, such as self-efficacy (SE) is prerequisite for the success of disease management. The study aimed to identify the relationship between characteristics of patients, SE and domains of QOL among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) living in community. The study used a correlational analytical with a cross-sectional approach and recruited 105 patients with type 2 diabetes in Sukasari Public Health Center, Tangerang. Self-administered questionnaires were used to measure sociodemographic of T2DM patients, while the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES) UK and Asian Diabetes Quality of Life (Asian DQOL) were used to measure SF and QOL, respectively. Data were analyzed using Spearman Rank-Order Correlation. The study revealed that characteristics of patients, including age and period of illness were negatively associated with memory and cognition domains of QOL, while years of education positively associated interpersonal relationship domains of QOL. For SE, it was positively significant associated with diet habit, energy, and financial aspects domains of QOL. The SE was positively associated with the QOL (r=0.31; p-value ≤ 0.01). The SE is relationship with QOL of T2DM. Therefore,  health care provider should need to maintain the domains of QOL through improving SE, while considering the characteristics of T2DM patients, including age, period of illness, and years of education.



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