Gluconobacter
sp. CHM43 oxidizes mannitol to fructose and then does fructose to 5-keto-D-fructose (5KF) in the periplasmic space. Since NADPH-dependent 5KF reductase was found in the soluble fraction of
Gluconobacter
spp., 5KF might be transported into the cytoplasm and metabolized. Here we identified the
GLF_2050
gene as the
kfr
gene encoding 5KF reductase (KFR). A mutant strain devoid of the
kfr
gene showed lower KFR activity and no 5KF consumption. The crystal structure revealed that KFR is similar to NADP
+
-dependent shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH), which catalyzes the reversible NADP
+
-dependent oxidation of shikimate to 3-dehydroshikimate. We found that several amino acid residues in the putative substrate-binding site of KFR were different from those of SDH. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that only a subclass in the SDH family containing KFR conserved such a unique substrate-binding site. We constructed KFR derivatives with amino acid substitutions, including replacement of Asn21 in the substrate-binding site with Ser that is found in SDH. The KFR-N21S derivative showed a strong increase in the
K
M
value for 5KF, but a higher shikimate oxidation activity than wild-type KFR, suggesting that Asn21 is important for 5KF binding. In addition, the conserved catalytic dyad Lys72 and Asp108 were individually substituted for Asn. The K72N and D108N derivatives showed only negligible activities without a dramatic change in the
K
M
value for 5KF, suggesting a similar catalytic mechanism to that of SDH. Taken together, we suggest that KFR is a new member of the SDH family.
Importance
A limited number of species of acetic acid bacteria, such as
Gluconobacter
sp. strain CHM43, produce 5-ketofructose at a high yield, a potential low calorie sweetener. Here we show that an NADPH-dependent 5-ketofructose reductase (KFR) is involved in 5-ketofructose degradation and we characterize this enzyme with respect to its structure, phylogeny, and function. The crystal structure of KFR was similar to that of shikimate dehydrogenase, which is functionally crucial in the shikimate pathway in bacteria and plants. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that KFR is positioned in a small sub-group of the shikimate dehydrogenase family. Catalytically important amino acid residues were also conserved and their relevance was experimentally validated. Thus, we propose KFR as a new member of shikimate dehydrogenase family.
Irreversible site-directed labeling of the 4-aminobutyrate binding site by tritiated meta-sulfonate benzene diazonium . Contribution of a nucleophilic amino acid residue of the alpha1 subunit
