Although the field of classroom learning environments has undergone remarkable expansion and internationalisation, no study in Afghanistan in any subject area or at any educational level has ever adopted a learning environment framework or involved the assessment and investigation of
classroom environments. Our study in Afghanistan included seven learning environment scales from the widely-used What Is Happening In this Class? (WIHIC) questionnaire, together with two scales assessing the student attitudes of Enjoyment and Self-regulation. After minor modifications to suit
the Afghani context, scales were translated into Dari (one of the two dominant languages in Afghanistan) and then independently back-translated to check the accuracy of the original translation. Analyses of data from 1619 grade 10‐12 science students supported the validity and reliability
of the Dari-language scales. Past research in other countries was replicated in Afghanistan in that positive and statistically-significant associations were found between the learning environment and student attitudes. Some consistent patterns of gender differences and school-location differences
(urban/rural) were identified.
