Large woody debris (LWD) was added as an experimental stream restoration technique in two streams in southwest Virginia. Additions were designed to compare human judgement in log placements against a randomized design and an unmanipulated reach, and also to compare effectiveness in a low- and a high-gradient stream. Pool area increased 146% in the systematic placement and 32% in the random placement sections of the low-gradient stream, lending support to the notion that human judgement can be more effective than placing logs at random in low-gradient streams. Conversely, the high-gradient stream changed very little after LWD additions, suggesting that other hydraulic controls such as boulders and bedrock override LWD influences in high-gradient streams. Logs oriented as dams were responsible for all pools created by additions regardless of stream or method of placement. Multiple log combinations created only two pools, while the other seven pools were created by single LWD pieces. Total benthic macroinvertebrate abundance did not change as a result of LWD additions in either stream, but net abundances of Plecoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, and Oligochaeta decreased, while Ephemeroptera increased significantly with the proportional increase in pool area in the low-gradient stream.
Flow resistance dynamics in step-pool stream channels: 1. Large woody debris and controls on total resistance