Inferential reasoning by exclusion in great apes, lesser apes, and spider monkeys.

2011 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hill ◽  
Emma Collier-Baker ◽  
Thomas Suddendorf
Keyword(s):  
Great Apes ◽  
Spider Monkeys ◽  
Inferential Reasoning ◽  
Lesser Apes

"Inferential reasoning by exclusion in great apes, lesser apes, and spider monkeys": Correction to Hill, Collier-Baker, and Suddendorf (2011).

2012 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-138
Author(s):  
Andrew Hill ◽  
Emma Collier-Baker ◽  
Thomas Suddendorf
Keyword(s):  
Great Apes ◽  
Spider Monkeys ◽  
Inferential Reasoning ◽  
Lesser Apes

10. Primates

2017 ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
T. S. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Large Brain ◽  
Lesser Apes

‘Primates’ considers how a group of small, rather insignificant, tree-dwelling mammals living 60 mya eventually evolved the highest level of expression of the mammalian characteristic of adaptable behaviour by means of a large brain. It first discusses lemurs, lorises, bush babies, and tarsiers. It then describes the differences between New World and Old World monkeys, part of the Anthropoidea, which started their separate evolutionary journeys around 30 mya. Finally, it considers the rest of the Anthropoidea—the lesser apes (gibbons) and the great apes (orang-utans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans). The two most important new adaptations to evolve in humans are bipedalism and a huge brain.

scholarly journals The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1662) ◽  
pp. 1671-1677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Suddendorf ◽  
Emma Collier-Baker
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Mirror Surface ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Second Year Of Life ◽  
Cognitive Faculties ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Evidence Of Absence ◽  
Lesser Apes

Mirror self-recognition typically emerges in human children in the second year of life and has been documented in great apes. In contrast to monkeys, humans and great apes can use mirrors to inspect unusual marks on their body that cannot be seen directly. Here we show that lesser apes (family Hylobatidae ) fail to use the mirror to find surreptitiously placed marks on their head, in spite of being strongly motivated to retrieve directly visible marks from the mirror surface itself and from their own limbs. These findings suggest that the capacity for visual self-recognition evolved in a common ancestor of all great apes after the split from the line that led to modern lesser apes approximately 18 Myr ago. They also highlight the potential of a comparative approach for identifying the neurological and genetic underpinnings of self-recognition and other higher cognitive faculties.

scholarly journals Lack of prosociality in great apes, capuchin monkeys and spider monkeys: convergent evidence from two different food distribution tasks

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1793) ◽  
pp. 20141699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Amici ◽  
Elisabetta Visalberghi ◽  
Josep Call
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Spider Monkeys ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Multiple Tasks

Prosociality can be defined as any behaviour performed to alleviate the needs of others or to improve their welfare. Prosociality has probably played an essential role in the evolution of cooperative behaviour and several studies have already investigated it in primates to understand the evolutionary origins of human prosociality. Two main tasks have been used to test prosociality in a food context. In the Platforms task, subjects can prosocially provide food to a partner by selecting a prosocial platform over a selfish one. In the Tokens task, subjects can prosocially provide food to a partner by selecting a prosocial token over a selfish one. As these tasks have provided mixed results, we used both tasks to test prosociality in great apes, capuchin monkeys and spider monkeys. Our results provided no compelling evidence of prosociality in a food context in any of the species tested. Additionally, our study revealed serious limitations of the Tokens task as it has been previously used. These results highlight the importance of controlling for confounding variables and of using multiple tasks to address inconsistencies present in the literature.

scholarly journals New Middle Miocene Ape (Primates: Hylobatidae) from Ramnagar, India fills major gaps in the hominoid fossil record

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1934) ◽  
pp. 20201655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Gilbert ◽  
Alejandra Ortiz ◽  
Kelsey D. Pugh ◽  
Christopher J. Campisano ◽  
Biren A. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Adaptive Shift ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Lesser Apes

The fossil record of ‘lesser apes’ (i.e. hylobatids = gibbons and siamangs) is virtually non-existent before the latest Miocene of East Asia. However, molecular data strongly and consistently suggest that hylobatids should be present by approximately 20 Ma; thus, there are large temporal, geographical, and morphological gaps between early fossil apes in Africa and the earliest fossil hylobatids in China. Here, we describe a new approximately 12.5–13.8 Ma fossil ape from the Lower Siwaliks of Ramnagar, India, that fills in these long-standing gaps with implications for hylobatid origins. This ape represents the first new hominoid species discovered at Ramnagar in nearly a century, the first new Siwalik ape taxon in more than 30 years, and likely extends the hylobatid fossil record by approximately 5 Myr, providing a minimum age for hylobatid dispersal coeval to that of great apes. The presence of crown hylobatid molar features in the new species indicates an adaptive shift to a more frugivorous diet during the Middle Miocene, consistent with other proposed adaptations to frugivory (e.g. uricase gene silencing) during this time period as well.

Goal-directed tail use in Colombian spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps rufiventris) is highly lateralized.

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliza L. Nelson ◽  
Giulianna A. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Spider Monkeys ◽  
Tail Use
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