10. Primates

2017 ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
T. S. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Large Brain ◽  
Lesser Apes

‘Primates’ considers how a group of small, rather insignificant, tree-dwelling mammals living 60 mya eventually evolved the highest level of expression of the mammalian characteristic of adaptable behaviour by means of a large brain. It first discusses lemurs, lorises, bush babies, and tarsiers. It then describes the differences between New World and Old World monkeys, part of the Anthropoidea, which started their separate evolutionary journeys around 30 mya. Finally, it considers the rest of the Anthropoidea—the lesser apes (gibbons) and the great apes (orang-utans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans). The two most important new adaptations to evolve in humans are bipedalism and a huge brain.

New World and Old World Monkeys

2018 ◽  
pp. 343-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Mätz-Rensing ◽  
Linda J. Lowenstine
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World

scholarly journals Pulmonary granuloma is not always the tuberculosis hallmark: pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in New and Old World Nonhuman Primates naturally infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley H. B. Pereira ◽  
Claudia A. A. Lopes ◽  
Thalita A. Pissinatti ◽  
Ana C. A. Pinto ◽  
Daniel R. A. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
New World ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Old World ◽  
Pulmonary Granuloma

Abstract Herein we present the pathological findings of different tuberculosis stages in Old and New World monkeys kept under human care in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and naturally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Fifteen nonhuman primates from five different colonies were incorporated into the study. There are 60% (9/15) Old World Monkeys and 40% (6/15) New World Monkeys. According to the gross and histopathologic findings, the lesions in nonhuman primates of this study are classified into the chronic-active, extrapulmonary, early-activation or latent-reactivation tuberculosis stage. Among the Old World Monkey, 66.7% (6/9) of nonhuman primates, all rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), showed severe granulomatous pneumonia. In all Old World Monkeys cases, typical granulomas were seen in at least one organ regardless of the stage of the disease. In the New World Monkeys, the typical pulmonary granulomas were seen in 16.7% (1/6) of the cases, just in the latent-reactivation stage in Uta Hick’s Bearded Saki (Chiropotes utahickae). In this study, 66.7% (6/9) of Old World Monkeys (OWM) and 83.3% (5/6) of New World Monkeys (NWM) showed pulmonary changes at the histological evaluation. The tuberculosis diagnosis in the nonhuman primates in this study was based on pathological, immunohistochemical, molecular, and bacteriological culture. Although the typical presentation was observed in some cases, the absence of pulmonary granuloma did not exclude the tuberculosis occurrence in nonhuman primates of the Old and New World. Tuberculosis should be included as a cause of interstitial pneumonia with foamy macrophages infiltration in the New World nonhuman primates. Due to the high sensitivity of immunohistochemistry with Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, we suggest the addition of this technique as a diagnostic tool of tuberculosis in the nonhuman primates even when the typical changes are not seen.

Cortical Orofacial Motor Representation in Old World Monkeys, Great Apes, and Humans

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chet C. Sherwood ◽  
Ralph L. Holloway ◽  
Joseph M. Erwin ◽  
Patrick R. Hof
Keyword(s):  
Great Apes ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Motor Representation ◽  
Old World

scholarly journals New World, but not Old World, monkeys carry several genes encoding beta-microseminoprotein

1999 ◽  
Vol 264 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjaana Makinen ◽  
Camilla Valtonen-Andre ◽  
Ake Lundwall
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Genes Encoding

Sequence divergence, polymorphism and evolution of the middle-wave and long-wave visual pigment genes of great apes and old world monkeys

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (19) ◽  
pp. 2483-2491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanwaljit S. Dulai ◽  
James K. Bowmaker ◽  
John D. Mollon ◽  
David M. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Long Wave ◽  
Pigment Genes

scholarly journals Intertwining of paleontology and medicine: implications for structure-function relationships, behavior, and habitat in paleontology

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 252-252
Author(s):  
Bruce Rothschild
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Old World Monkeys ◽  
Old World ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Unique Model ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Medicine and paleontology have been intertwined from the start. Gideon Algernon Mantell, a family physician from Sussex, and his wife, while on patient care “rounds,” found the first English dinosaur. Nineteen years later in 1841, Sir Richard Owen established the neologism, dinosaur, to categorize these animals. It is not accidental that the first Dean of Kansas University School of Medicine was also the founder of the University's Museum of Natural History. Rheumatology and paleontology paths have also crossed in the form of Thinocetus arthritus, so named because the ligamentous fusion in a specimen mistaken for arthritis.Technology and understanding of disease processes have advanced sufficiently to allow hypotheses to be critically examined. The underlying assumptions are that:1. Disease manifestations are relatively stable through time.2. Tissue is preserved in a state amenable to analysis.3. Pathology can be distinguished from diagenesis (pseudopathology).4. Analysis of pathology as a skeletal phenomenon provides more insight than examination of isolated bones.5. Analysis of pathology as a population phenomenon provides more insight than examination of isolated skeletons.Exemplifying the intertwining nature of the fields is the presence of spine and sacroiliac involvement and the nature and distribution of erosive lesions in the great apes (Gorilla and Pan (chimpanzee), the lesser ape (Hylobates) and Old World monkeys (Theropithecus, Papio, Cercopithecus, Macaca, Presbytis, Colobus, and Erythrocebus). This allowed definitive diagnosis of spondyloarthropathy. Reproducibility of diseases across species lines has been established for spondyloarthropathy (gorilla, chimp, monkey), not only for gross or radiologic appearance of individual bones, but also for skeletal distribution. More recently, similar observations have been made for Smilodon and Mammuthus. Reactive arthritis, related to infectious agent diarrhea or sexually transmitted, is a consideration. Infectious agent diarrhea is common in Old World primates. This natural disease state provides a unique model system for in depth analysis of the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to disease pathophysiology.

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