scholarly journals Reinforcement magnitude modulation of rate dependent effects in pigeons and rats.

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett C. Ginsburg ◽  
Jonathan W. Pinkston ◽  
R. J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Magnitude ◽  
Rate Dependent

scholarly journals Reinforcement magnitude modulation of rate-dependent effects of fluvoxamine and desipramine in the rat

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 829-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett C. Ginsburg ◽  
Richard J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Magnitude ◽  
Rate Dependent

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

Rate dependent Perception of Aspiration and Pre aspiration in Icelandic

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorgen Pind
Keyword(s):  
Rate Dependent

Rate-Dependent Speech Processing Can be Domain Specific

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Szostak ◽  
Mark A. Pitt ◽  
Laura C. Dilley
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Rate Dependent

Facilitative effect of a CS for reinforcement upon instrumental responding as a function of reinforcement magnitude: A test of incentive-motivation theory.

1968 ◽  
Vol 78 (3, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Hyde ◽  
Milton A. Trapold ◽  
Douglas M. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Facilitative Effect ◽  
Reinforcement Magnitude

Adenosine Diphosphate-Induced Aggregation of Human Platelets in Flow Through Tubes: III. Shear and Extrinsic Fibrinogen-Dependent Effects

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (01) ◽  
pp. 078-090 ◽  
Author(s):  
H L Goldsmith ◽  
M M Frojmovic ◽  
Susan Braovac ◽  
Fiona McIntosh ◽  
T Wong
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Fibrinogen Concentration ◽  
Human Fibrinogen ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Induced Aggregation

SummaryThe effect of shear rate and fibrinogen concentration on adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation of suspensions of washed human platelets in Poiseuille flow at 23°C was studied using a previously described double infusion technique and resistive particle counter size analysis (1). Using suspensions of multiple-centrifuged and -washed cells in Tyrodes-albumin [3 × 105 μl−1; (17)] with [fibrinogen] from 0 to 1.2μM, the, rate and extent of aggregation with 0.7 μM ADP in Tyrodes-albumin were measured over a range of mean transit times from 0.2 to 43 s, and at mean tube shear rates, Ḡ, = 41.9, 335 and 1,335 s−1. As measured by the decrease in singlet concentration, aggregation at 1.2 μM fibrinogen increased with increasing Ḡ up to 1,335 s1, in contrast to that previously reported in citratcd plasma, in which aggregation reached a maximum at Ḡ = 335 s−1. Without added fibrinogen, there was no aggregation at Ḡ = 41.9 s1; at Ḡ = 335 s1, there was significant aggregation but with an initial lag time, aggregation increasing further at Ḡ = 1,335 s−1. Without added fibrinogen, aggregation was abolished at all Ḡ upon incubation with the hexapeptide GRGDSP, but was almost unaffected by addition of an F(ab’)2 fragment of an antibody to human fibrinogen. Aggregation in the absence of added fibrinogen was also observed at 37°C. The activation of the multiple-washed platelets was tested using flow cytometry with the fluorescently labelled monoclonal antibodies FITC-PAC1 and FITC-9F9. It was shown that 57% of single cells in unactivated PRT expressed maximal GPIIb-IIIa fibrinogen receptors (MoAb PAC1) and 54% expressed pre-bound fibrinogen (MoAb 9F9), with further increases on ADP activation. However, incubation with GRGDSP and the F(ab’)2 fragment did not inhibit the prebound fibrinogen. Moreover, relatively unactivated cells (8% expressing receptor, 14% prebound fibrinogen), prepared from acidified cPRP by single centrifugation with 50 nM of the stable prostacyclin derivative, ZK 36 374, and resuspension in Tyrodes-albumin at 5 × 104 μl−1, aggregated with 2 and 5 μM ADP at Ḡ = 335 and 1,335 s−1 in the absence of added fibrinogen. We therefore postulate that a protein such as von Willebrand factor, secreted during platelet isolation or in flow at sufficiently high shear rates, may yield the observed shear-rate dependent aggregation without fibrinogen.

Platelet and Shear Rate Promote Tumor Cell Adhesion to Human Endothelial Extracellular Matrix - Absence of a Role for Platelet Cyclooxygenase

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (03) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Bastida ◽  
Lourdes Almirall ◽  
Antonio Ordinas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Tumor Cell Adhesion ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Static Conditions

SummaryBlood platelets are thought to be involved in certain aspects of malignant dissemination. To study the role of platelets in tumor cell adherence to vascular endothelium we performed studies under static and flow conditions, measuring tumor cell adhesion in the absence or presence of platelets. We used highly metastatic human adenocarcinoma cells of the lung, cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs) and extracellular matrices (ECM) prepared from confluent EC monolayers. Our results indicated that under static conditions platelets do not significantly increase tumor cell adhesion to either intact ECs or to exposed ECM. Conversely, the studies performed under flow conditions using the flat chamber perfusion system indicated that the presence of 2 × 105 pl/μl in the perfusate significantly increased the number of tumor cells adhered to ECM, and that this effect was shear rate dependent. The maximal values of tumor cell adhesion were obtained, in presence of platelets, at a shear rate of 1,300 sec-1. Furthermore, our results with ASA-treated platelets suggest that the role of platelets in enhancing tumor cell adhesion to ECM is independent of the activation of the platelet cyclooxygenase pathway.

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