Uncontrolled High Blood Pressure Means More Cognitive Problems in Old Age: Study Underscores Another Key Reason to Control Hypertension

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
2016 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Mossello ◽  
David Simoni

<p>High blood pressure and cognitive impairment often coexist in old age, but their pathophysiological association is complex. Several longitudinal studies have shown that high blood pressure at midlife is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia, although this association is much less clear in old age. The effect of blood pressure lowering in reducing the risk of dementia is only borderline significant in clinical trials of older subjects, partly due to the insufficient follow-up time. Conversely, dementia onset is associated with a decrease of blood pressure values, probably secondary to neurodegeneration. Prognostic effect of blood pressure values in cognitively impaired older subjects is still unclear, with aggressive blood pressure lowering being potentially harmful in this patients category. Brief cognitive screening, coupled with simple motor assessment, are warranted to identify frail older subjects who need a more cautious approach to antihypertensive treatment. Values obtained with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring seem more useful than clinical ones to predict the outcome of cognitively impaired older subjects. Future studies should identify the most appropriate blood pressure targets in older subjects with cognitive impairment. </p><p><strong>Riassunto</strong></p><p>Ipertensione arteriosa e decadimento cognitivo spesso coesistono in età avanzata, sebbene la loro associazione sia complessa dal punto di vista fisiopatologico. Diversi studi longitudinali hanno mostrato che elevati valori pressori in età adulta rappresentano un fattore di rischio per decadimento cognitivo e demenza, sebbene tale associazione sia molto meno chiara in età avanzata. L’effetto della terapia antiipertensiva è risultato ai limiti della significatività statistica nel ridurre il rischio di demenza negli studi di intervento su soggetti anziani, in parte a causa della durata insufficiente del follow-up. D’altra parte, l’insorgenza di demenza è associata con una riduzione dei valori pressori, probabilmente secondaria alla neurodegenerazione. L’effetto prognostico dei valori pressori in anziani con decadimento cognitivo non è stato ancora chiarito, in presenza di un possibile effetto dannoso di un trattamento antiipertensivo aggressivo in questa categoria di pazienti. Un breve screening cognitivo, associato con una semplice valutazione motoria, è raccomandato per identificare gli anziani fragili, che necessitano di un approccio più cauto alla terapia antiipertensiva. I risultati del monitoraggio della pressione arteriosa nelle 24 ore sembrano più utili della misurazione clinica per predire la prognosi degli anziani cognitivamente compromessi. Studi futuri dovrebbero identificare gli obiettivi pressori più appropriati nel trattamento di anziani con decadimento cognitivo.</p>


Hypertension ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Iwahara ◽  
Yuji Uematsu ◽  
Mitsuru Siba ◽  
Nobuyuki Miyai ◽  
Mikio Arita

Several studies show that hypertension in midlife is also related to cognitive impairment in old age. However, the associations between blood pressure and cognitive functions have been inconclusive. In this study, we examined this association in the sexagenarian and the septuagenarian separately to test our hypothesis that different risk factors were related to cognitive decline in each generation respectively. Participants were 1476 community-dwelling persons without dementia (708 men and 768 women). Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured in the seated position using an automated sphygmomanometer (HEM-907; Omron). The cognitive functions were measured by means of logical memory test, D-CAT (digit cancellation test; neuropsychological test for attention) and verbal fluency test. We asked participants about their use of antihypertensive drug and collected their data about blood pressure measured at a health examination conducted ten years ago. We constructed a series of multiple linear regression models to examine the association of blood pressure with each cognitive function. Separate analyses were conducted for each combination of predictor (SBP, DBP, past SBP, past DBP, and use of antihypertensive drug) and dependent value (logical memory test, D-CAT, and verbal fluency test). Regression models included the following covariates: age, education, gender, and body mass index. Results indicated the following two points: (1) Higher levels of past DBP (β = -.121, p < .05) was associated with decline in logical memory test and higher level of past SBP (β = -.127, p < .05) was associated with decline in verbal fluency test in the sexagenarian, (2) The use of antihypertensive drug was associated with decline in D-CAT (β = -.194, p < .001) and verbal fluency test (β = -.196, p < .05) in the septuagenarian. Our findings suggest that high blood pressure in the past decade is risk factor for cognitive decline in the sexagenarian but is not risk factor in the septuagenarian. The treatment of high blood pressure in midlife is important for the maintenance of cognitive functions. Early control of high blood pressure might reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in old age.


As the population on the earth is growing, the long-ranging planning of health and medical facilities are affected. Especially with old-aged people, health issues are more compared with other aged people. The medication given by the doctors to old age people to those health issues is not rememberable. People need to take the pills with a specified dose at a recommended time and frequency especially in case of diabetes and high blood pressure. To overcome the problem an IoT device is designed to remember about their medication time to the old people and their caretakers. The IR sensor present in the system will be continuously monitoring whether medicines has been taken properly by the patient or not. By using the GSM, the caretakers have been notified to their smart phones and watches. So, we design a pillbox which acts as a safety net for patients. The main objective of the system is to inform the patients to take their medicines in time that is prescribed by the doctor and to inform their family members which reduces their work.


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