An experimental approach to the study of flow experiences: Effects of manipulating the perceived fit of skills and task demands on intrinsic motivation

Fundamental to our understanding of learning is the role of attention. We investigated how attention affects two fMRI measures of stimulus-specific memory: repetition suppression (RS) and pattern similarity (PS). RS refers to the decreased fMRI signal when a stimulus is repeated, and it is sensitive to manipulations of attention and task demands. In PS, region-wide voxel-level patterns of responses are evaluated for their similarity across repeated presentations of a stimulus. More similarity across presentations is related to better learning, but the role of attention on PS is not known. Here, we directly compared these measures during the visual repetition of scenes while manipulating attention. Consistent with previous findings, we observed RS in the scene-sensitive parahippocampal place area only when a scene was attended both at initial presentation and upon repetition in subsequent trials, indicating that attention is important for RS. Likewise, we observed greater PS in response to repeated pairs of scenes when both instances of the scene were attended than when either or both were ignored. However, RS and PS did not correlate on either a scene-by-scene or subject-by-subject basis, and PS measures revealed above-chance similarity even when stimuli were ignored. Thus, attention has different effects on RS and PS measures of perceptual repetition.

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Moving Toward Accurate Assessment of Working Memory in Adults With Neurogenically Based Communication Disorders

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology ◽

10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00305 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Bijoyaa Mohapatra ◽

Jacqueline Laures-Gore

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Experimental Testing ◽

Communication Disorders ◽

Test Construction ◽

Task Demands ◽

Future Research ◽

Modality Effects ◽

Memory Assessment ◽

Response Modality ◽

And Task

Purpose This article presents a viewpoint highlighting concerns regarding currently available assessments of working memory in adults with neurogenic communication disorders. Additionally, we provide recommendations for improving working memory assessment in this population. Method This viewpoint includes a critique of clinical and experimental working memory tests relevant to speech-language pathologists. We consider the terminology used to describe memory, as well as discuss language demands and test construction. Results Clinical and experimental testing of working memory in adults with neurogenic communication disorders is challenged due to theoretical, methodological, and practical limitations. The major limitations are characterized as linguistic and task demands, presentation and response modality effects, test administration, and scoring parameters. Taking these limitations into consideration, several modifications to working memory testing and their relevance to neurogenic populations are discussed. Conclusions The recommendations provided in this article can better guide clinicians and researchers to advocate for improved tests of working memory in adults with neurogenic communication disorders. Future research should continue to address these concerns and consider our recommendations.

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Short-Term Adaptation to Stress and Task-Demands: Covariation of Psychological and Physiological Manifestations

Energetics and Human Information Processing ◽

10.1007/978-94-009-4448-0_23 ◽

1986 ◽

pp. 329-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Heikki Lyytinen

Keyword(s):

Task Demands ◽

Adaptation To Stress ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Adaptation ◽

And Task

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Quantifying the Effects of Multi-Tasking on Processing Efficiency

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1541931218621389 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 1717-1721

Author(s):

Elizabeth L. Fox ◽

Joseph W. Houpt

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

System Design ◽

Task Demands ◽

Task Characteristics ◽

Baseline Model ◽

Processing Efficiency ◽

Different Types ◽

Unique Individual ◽

And Task ◽

Task Environments

The type and amount of task demands that humans must simultaneously process and respond to influences how efficient they are in completing the tasks. Capturing how and to what degree human efficiency changes in different task environments is crucial to inform an appropriate system design. An individual-based analytic approach is necessary to accurately capture performance changes and lend practical suggestions. We can provide designers with the amount and type of task demands that we expect a person to sustain adequate performance given their unique underlying cognitive properties. We develop a metric, multi-tasking throughput (MT), that provides the extent to which a person processes tasks more efficiently, the same, or less efficiently when required to complete several different types of tasks at once. This is a cognitive-based, standardized metric; meaning it yields the relative degree of change from a baseline model that is created to accommodate to unique individual differences, numbers of tasks, and task characteristics. We quantify MT by using transformations of RTs to predict the extent that external demands of multi-tasking exceeds what the cognitive system can accommodate to thereby hindering performance. We use a real world dual-task application to highlight the apparent differences in strategy and ability across individuals and alternative task environments.

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Now you feel it, now you don't: Motivated attention to emotional content is modulated by age and task demands

Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience ◽

10.3758/s13415-019-00741-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 1299-1316 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Didem Pehlivanoglu ◽

Paul Verhaeghen

Keyword(s):

Task Demands ◽

Emotional Content ◽

Motivated Attention ◽

And Task

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Locomotion and Task Demands Differentially Modulate Thalamic Audiovisual Processing during Active Search

Current Biology ◽

10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.045 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (14) ◽

pp. 1885-1891 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Ross S. Williamson ◽

Kenneth E. Hancock ◽

Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham ◽

Daniel B. Polley

Keyword(s):

Task Demands ◽

Active Search ◽

Audiovisual Processing ◽

And Task

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Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on participation in crowdsourcing contest

Online Information Review ◽

10.1108/oir-08-2014-0188 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (7) ◽

pp. 896-917 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Yuxiang Chris Zhao ◽

Qinghua Zhu

Keyword(s):

Intrinsic Motivation ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Self Determination Theory ◽

Content Type ◽

Motivation Factors ◽

Internal Focus ◽

Participation Research ◽

The Relationship ◽

Crowdsourcing Contest ◽

And Task

Purpose – The rapid development of Web 2.0 and social media enables the rise of crowdsourcing. Crowdsourcing contest is a typical case of crowdsourcing and has been adopted by many organisations for business solution and decision making. From a participant's perspective, it is interesting to explore what motivates people to participate in crowdsourcing contest. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the category of motivation based on self-determination theory and synthesises various motivation factors in crowdsourcing contest. Meanwhile, perceived motivational affordances and task granularity are also examined as the moderate constructs. Design/methodology/approach – The paper builds a conceptual model to illustrate the relationships between various motivations (extrinsic and intrinsic) and participation effort under the moderating of perceived motivational affordances and task granularity. An empirical study is conducted to test the research model by surveying the Chinese participants of crowdsourcing contest. Findings – The results show that various motivations might play different roles in relating to participation effort expended in the crowdsourcing contest. Moreover, task granularity may positively moderate the relationship between external motivation and participation effort. The results also show that supporting of a participant's perceived motivational affordances might strengthen the relationship between the individual's motivation with an internal focus (intrinsic, integrated, identified and introjected motivation) and participation effort. Originality/value – Overall, the research has some conceptual and theoretical implications to the literature. This study synthesises various motivation factors identified by previous studies in crowdsourcing projects or communities as a form of motivation spectrum, namely external, introjected, identified, integrated and intrinsic motivation, which contributes to the motivation literatures. Meanwhile, the findings indicate that various motivations might play different roles in relating to participation effort expended in the crowdsourcing contest. Also, the study theoretically extends the crowdsourcing participation research to incorporate the effects of perceived motivational affordances in crowdsourcing contest. In addition, the study may yield some practical implications for sponsors, managers and designers in crowdsourcing contest.

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Comparing language experience and task demands in Mandarin tone processing: Neurophysiological evidence

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ◽

10.1121/1.4708060 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 131 (4) ◽

pp. 3233-3233

Author(s):

Yan H. Yu ◽

Valerie L. Shafer ◽

Elyse Sussman ◽

D. H. Whalen

Keyword(s):

Task Demands ◽

Language Experience ◽

Mandarin Tone ◽

And Task

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