Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning.

1967 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Rescorla ◽  
Richard L. Solomon
2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Claudia D. Cardinal ◽  
Matthew E. Andrzejewski ◽  
Philip N. Hineline

The proposed heavy dependence on Pavlovian conditioning to account for social behavior confounds phylogenically and ontogenically selected behavior patterns and ignores the extension of the principle of selection by consequences from biological to learning theory. Instead of acknowledging operant relations, Domjan et al. construct vaguely specified mechanisms based upon anticipatory cost-benefit considerations that are not supported by the Pavlovian conditioning literature.


2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Roessger

In work-related instrumental learning contexts, the role of reflective activities is unclear. Kolb’s experiential learning theory and Mezirow’s transformative learning theory predict skill adaptation as an outcome. This prediction was tested by manipulating reflective activities and assessing participants’ response and error rates during novel applications of an instrumentally learned skill (skill adaptation). Participants were randomly assigned to three conditions (interference, reflection, or critical reflection) according to blocking variables: gender, age, and reflective propensity. Participants then completed behavioral skills training with embedded reflective activities. Afterward, participants completed a novel application task. Analyses of variance did not reveal differences in response or error rates among conditions or an interaction between reflective activity and reflective propensity on response rate. An interaction was found between reflective activity and reflective propensity on error rate: In the critical reflection condition, nonreflective learners had higher error rates than reflective learners. Potential explanations and implications for research and practice are offered.


2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-698
Author(s):  
Peter D. Balsam ◽  
Michael R. Drew

The specific mechanisms whereby Pavlovian conditioning leads to adaptive behavior need to be elaborated. There is no evidence that it is via reduction in the “destabilizing effect that time lags have on feedback control” (Domjan et al. 2000, sect. 3.3). The adaptive value of Pavlovian conditioning goes well beyond the regulation of social behavior.


2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Mackintosh

Pavlov's contribution to experimental psychology was to invent a technique that allowed him to undertake a prolonged and systematic series of well-controlled experiments that, astonishingly enough, uncovered many if not most of the phenomena of what is rightly called Pavlovian conditioning. It was not for another 30 years or more that English-speaking psychologists began to match that achievement. Of course there have been new developments and discoveries since his time. Two examples are discussed: the important role of variable associability or attention even in simple conditioning, and the rigorous application of associative learning theory to the behavior of adult humans.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-306
Author(s):  
Ava Swastika Fahriana

Abstract This article aims to explore new epistemological paradigm of Islamic education of qodrati potency-based learning. The development of various views, understandings and theories about the learning process is essentially tge development of the essence of the learning process, along with the demands of the development of society where the learning process itself takes place. It is undeniable that today globalization era will always go on with the increasing complexity of society's need for educational graduates who are expected to have complete capabilities in various fields. Historically, it has been has noted that there are many changes and developments in the world of education, both related to the management of education and learning process. Learning theories that have been used and continue to develop include behaviorism, connectionism, and classical habituation, and behavior habituation, habituation of close association, cognitive theory, and social learning theory. The ongoing changes in society require that every graduate of a school has the ability to act, learn and manage its own future independently by integrating the best elements of successful systems. Meanwhile, Islamic epistemology has a very strategic role in the effort to combine and choose the various approaches of learning so that the learning pattern leads to the development of the potential qodrati of learning participants. Thus, educational objectives can be reached through potential qodrati-based learning. ملخص يهدف هذا البحث إلى التعمق في البحث عن نظرية المعرفة الجديدة في التربية الإسلامية المعتمدة على الكفاءة الطبيعي. إن ديناميكية ميلاد ونمو مختلف الأنظار والمفاهيم والنظريات في عملية التعليم هي إكمال لعملية التعليم وفقا لمتطلبات تطور المجتمع موضع عملية التعليم نفسه. ومما لاينكر اليوم أن متطلبات العولمة لا يمكن دفعها مع كثرة حاجات المجتمع تجاه خريجي المؤسسات التربوية الذين يملكون الكفاءات المتكاملة في كل المجالات. وقد سجل التاريخ أن عالم التعليم حدثت فيه تغييرات وتطورات كثيرة، سواء كانت تتعلق بإدارة أم بعملية التعليم. ومن النظريات المستخدمة التي تحدث فيه التغييرات هي: السلوك، والترابط، وتعويد السلوك العملي، وتعويد ارتباط وثيق، ونظرية معرفية، ونظرية التعليم الاجتماعي. إن حدوث التغييرات المستمرة في المجتمع يطالب كل الخريجين في المدارس أن يكون لهم كفاءة في العمل والتعلم وإدارة المستقبل بأنفسهم باتخاذ أحسن العناصر من النظم الناجحة. ومن ناحية، فإن نظرية المعرفة الإسلامية لها دور استراتيجي في محاولة اختيار مقاربة التعليم حتى وجد نمط التعليم الذي يتجه إلى تنمية كفاءة طبيعية للطلبة. ومن ذلك، يمكن تحقيق أهداف التعليم عن طريق التعليم المبني على تنمية الكفاءة الطبيعية. Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan mendalami pembahasan tentang kajian epistemologis paradigma baru pendidikan Islam dalam pembelajaran berbasis potensi qodrati. Dinamika lahir dan tumbuhnya berbagai pandangan, paham dan teori tentang proses pembelajaran pada hakikatnya merupakan penyempurnaan esensi proses pembelajaran, seiring dengan tuntutan perkembangan masyarakat tempat berlangsungnya proses pembelajaran itu sendiri. Tak dapat dipungkiri bahwa dewasa ini, tuntutan era globalisasi semakin ta terbendung dengan semakin kompleksnya kebutuhan masyarakat akan lulusan dunia pendidikan yang diharapkan memiliki kemampuan yang komplit di berbagai bidang. Sejarah telah mencatat bahwa banyak terjadi perubahan dan perkembangan di dunia pendidkan, baik yang berkaitan dengan manajemen pendidikan maupun proses pembelajarannya. Teori-teori belajar yang selama ini digunakan dan terus mengalami pengembangan diantaranya yaitu behaviorisme, koneksionisme, pembiasaan klasik, pembiasaan perilaku proses, pembiasaan asosiasi dekat, teori kognitif, dan teori belajar sosial. Terjadinya perubahan terus menerus dalam masyarakat mengharuskan setiap lulusan sekolah memiliki kemampuan dalam bertindak, belajar dan mengatur masa depan sendiri secara mandiri dengan memadukan unsur-unsur terbaik dari sistem-sistem yang terbukti berhasil. Sementara itu, epistomologi Islam memiliki peran yang sangat strategis dalam upaya menggabungkan serta memilih berbagai pendekatan pembelajaran tersebut sehingga didapatkan pola pembelajaran yang mengarah pada pengembangan potensi qodrati peserta didk. Dengan demikian, tujuan pendidkan dapat dijangkau melalui pembelajaran berbasis potensi qodrati.


Psychology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Bouton ◽  
Geoffrey Hall

For over a century, psychologists have been conducting experimental studies, largely with nonhuman animals, in order to establish general principles of learning and behavior. In everyday usage, the term “learning” refers to the acquisition of new information or new skills. But psychologists often have a wider interpretation, taking learning to refer to almost any fairly permanent change in an animal’s behavior, or potential for behavior, that results from experience. Learning is the process whereby an animal interacts with its environment and becomes changed by the experience so that its further behavior is modified. “Learning theory” refers to the attempt to devise an account of the mechanisms responsible for this process of individual adaptation. The data it deals with are largely, but not exclusively, derived from experimental studies of the behavior of nonhuman animals, tested in controlled conditions. The last century, starting with the pioneering work of Pavlov (on classical conditioning) and of Thorndike (on instrumental learning), saw the development of a range of rival learning theories that are still of present-day concern. The dominant theoretical perspective may be termed associative (or alternatively, connectionist); it explains learning in terms of the formation of hypothetical links (presumed to be in the central nervous system) between entities representing external events or responsible for the emission of behavior. This central notion has been extended by theorists who emphasize the role of motivational factors that activate such links, or who postulate a wider range of psychological processes (conveniently labeled cognitive: e.g., attention, rehearsal), with association formation given a lesser role. Finally, some have rejected not just the notion of association but all postulation of central psychological processes. This atheoretical “theory,” referred to as radical behaviorism or the experimental analysis of behavior, is primarily associated with the name of Skinner and focuses on instrumental learning (also called operant conditioning). Although learning theories have been derived principally from work on laboratory animals, they are intended to be applicable more generally. Their findings and concepts are relevant to understanding the psychology of domestic and wild animals in their natural habitats and thus contribute to the growing field of research known as animal cognition. They also apply to the behavior of our own species. Experimental studies of human subjects, based on paradigms developed with animals, can thus be used to test and develop our theories. More important, the methods and findings of learning theory have direct application to issues of human concern. Proponents of the experimental analysis of behavior have promoted the use of training procedures involving positive reinforcement for addressing a number of behavior disorders and as the basis for education more generally. Theoretical concepts developed in the associative tradition have been used to illuminate the source of (and possible treatments for) clinical problems such as anxiety disorders and drug addiction.


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