Abstract
Fragmentation of granular clusters may be studied by experiments and by granular mechanics simulation. When comparing results, it is often assumed that results can be compared when scaled to the same value of $$E/E_{\mathrm{sep}}$$
E
/
E
sep
, where E denotes the collision energy and $$E_{\mathrm{sep}}$$
E
sep
is the energy needed to break every contact in the granular clusters. The ratio $$E/E_{\mathrm{sep}}\propto v^2$$
E
/
E
sep
∝
v
2
depends on the collision velocity v but not on the number of grains per cluster, N. We test this hypothesis using granular-mechanics simulations on silica clusters containing a few thousand grains in the velocity range where fragmentation starts. We find that a good parameter to compare different systems is given by $$E/(N^{\alpha }E_{\mathrm{sep}})$$
E
/
(
N
α
E
sep
)
, where $$\alpha \sim 2/3$$
α
∼
2
/
3
. The occurrence of the extra factor $$N^{\alpha }$$
N
α
is caused by energy dissipation during the collision such that large clusters request a higher impact energy for reaching the same level of fragmentation than small clusters. Energy is dissipated during the collision mainly by normal and tangential (sliding) forces between grains. For large values of the viscoelastic friction parameter, we find smaller cluster fragmentation, since fragment velocities are smaller and allow for fragment recombination.
Graphic abstract
Reaction blockading in a reaction between an excited atom and a charged molecule at low collision energy
