Baltic states will lower energy dependency on Russia

Headline BALTIC STATES: Energy dependency on Russia will ease

Characterization of cost-efficient OPT101 PIN photodiode as relative dosimetry in diagnostic radiology: An IOT application

OPT101 photodiode sensor dosimetry properties were investigated for various parameters to observe its capability as a relative dosimeter. Its characterization was done with PTW semiconductor detector for diagnostic radiology as a benchmark. OPT101 presented excellent output linearity relative to dose measured by PTW semiconductor for energy dependency and reproducibility test. A significant high sensitivity was observed against dose rates and mean energies and linear response against different source-to-detector distance, SDD. Results suggest the use of an Arduino IDE microcontroller as potential of utilizing an IoT application in input/output communication with the sensor and data processing.

Biowastes as a Potential Energy Source in Africa

High population and industrialization have brought the need for a reliable and sustainable source of energy and protection of the environment. Although Africa has a low energy consumption capacity (3.4% of the global share in 2019), its high population growth rate and industrialization predict high energy demand in the future. Reliable and available energy resources are required to protect the environment and create energy dependency. Despite Africa’s low energy consumption capacity (3.4% of global consumption in 2019), its rapid population growth rate and industrialization indicate future significant energy demand. The current high production of biowastes with high energy content and their low utilization provides an opportunity for energy dependency, crop value addition, creation of jobs, and protection of the environment. The chapter has identified that the African population of 1.203 billion in 2017 consumed 928 Mtoe of energy and this demand is expected to increase in years to come. The energy mix has been identified to depend on fossil fuels with little consideration of biowastes. The biowaste is reported to contain 20.1 TWh in 2025. Biowaste is currently underutilized, and there are few conversion methods available. Government and non-government investments have been reported to be making efforts to improve bioenergy and biowaste usage. The prevailing challenges have been low proven technologies, poor energy policy, low population knowledge, and poor investments. Biowastes use can be increased when environmental laws and legislation are tightened, energy policy strengthened and enforced, cheap and appropriate technologies are introduced, and the population Education is provided. It is expected that when biowastes are well utilized, energy will be available even in disadvantaged (remote) areas at an affordable price for the developing continent of Africa.

The European Union oil dependency: a threat to economic growth and diplomatic freedom

Purpose This paper provides a general review of the current energy dependency of the European Union (EU) and the possible threat that it poses to economic growth and diplomatic freedom. Design/methodology/approach Systematic literature review with a narrative approach to analyze historical data, statistics and energy policies and determine if the EU oil dependency represents a threat to economic growth and diplomatic freedom. In addition, a review of the US policy “America first” is also included to analyze its impact on the EU. Findings The energy dependency rate of the EU increased 12 percentage points from 1990 to 2018. Russia has become the largest oil supplier for the EU tripling Norway, the largest supplier in the 1990s. The oil dependency of the EU on Russia is a difficult situation where guaranteed energy supply and diplomatic freedom becomes a national political controversy. Even though the USA is currently a top world exporter of oil, the EU does not rely on the USA. The findings suggest that the EU needs to secure a reliable energy supplier to guarantee economic growth, reduce energy scarcity and enhance diplomatic freedom. Originality/value This paper provides a historical examination of the EU oil dependency considering its impact on economic growth and diplomatic freedom.

RUSSIA’S GEOPOLITICAL DETERMINATIONS IN THE BLACK SEA

The present paper analyzes the projection of Russia's economic and military power in the Black Sea region, seen both in terms of its huge resources and as a way of projecting military power in the coastal States and the Eastern Mediterranean. The energy perspective is important in Russia's geopolitics, and the Black Sea region is perceived by it as the point of confluence of several globalist interests, in which Russia desires not only to be a mediator, but the decisive pivot to impose regional policy. Creating an energy dependency of the West on Russian resources represents a well-defined political goal in the Russian strategy. Russian gas is thus becoming a Trojan horse, by which Russia can influence European policies, this energy instrument being complemented by other powerful instruments aimed at undermining or diminishing NATO's role in Eastern Europe. Russian interests are concentrating firstly on the desire to maintain different levels of political and economic influence in each coastal State, to maintain the Black Sea under control for oil or gas exports and other maritime transport through Novorossiysk port as well as preventing a security deficit toward NATO that could threaten the South-West flank of Kremlin. In pursuing these interests, Russia's strategy is based on the use of political, diplomatic, information and economic instruments, which are supported by an increasingly credible military capacity, analyzed and explained in this paper. Keywords: Russian-Ukrainian war; Crimea; energy weapon; Black Sea

Preliminary investigation on performance of photodiode sensor as a dosimeter

Radiation dosimetry in the health and medicine field is crucial to ensure there is no unnecessary ionizing radiation exposure to patients and personnel. While various types of semiconductor dosimeters are available, photodiode sensors are seen as a reliable and cost-effective immediate dosimeter. This study investigates the capabilities of a monolithic photodiode with an on-chip trans-impedance amplifier as a dosimeter in diagnostic radiology. A photodiode sensor covered with black insulation tape is irradiated with the diagnostic x-ray of potential in range between 40 to 90 kV with constant tube current-time product of 50 mAs at 60 cm source-to-detector distance (SDD). Exposures of different tube current at the range of 10 to 250 mA with a constant tube voltage of 70 kVp at the same setup are made. The photodiode sensor connected to the electrometer gives out readings in the millivolt (mV), and the output of the photodiode and semiconductor detector is recorded. The photodiode’s energy dependency, reproducibility, dose response, and distance dependency were evaluated as the capabilities of the photodiode to be used as a dosimeter. For energy dependency, it shows a linearity of 0.9458, while the response to increasing tube current with a constant tube voltage shows the R2 of 0.912. The photodiode shows good dependency on the tube voltage and tube current. Other than that, it also showed a linear coefficient of 0.5138 for distance dependence which is considered as a good linearity fit value for a photodiode as initial performance. However, its reproducibility is poor due to its large capacitance. This monolithic photodiode with an on-chip trans-impedance amplifier has demonstrated good results for energy dependency but poor results for reproducibility. However, the photodiode can be improvised in the future to ensure it is suitable as a dosimeter.

Quitting (The) Habit: Fossil Fuels, Governmentality and the Politics of Energy Dependency

This paper investigates habit in relation to fossil-fuel dependency. Habit names sets of actions and practices that are deeply codified into daily life, including practices connected to the use of large amounts of energy. Developing an understanding of energy habits appears to constitute a possible site of intervention into the ongoing use of fossil fuels. I argue that by tending to focus on individual energy practices, habit makes it difficult to raise larger, systemic questions related to energy use. Indeed, more critical explorations of habit, such as practice theory or via Bourdieu's notion of habitus, emphasise the need to attend to system more than specific energy habits. Investigating habit in relation to energy does, however, reveal some of the current limits and problems involved in changing fossil-fuel dependency on the part of many states. The paper turns to an investigation of the operations of governmentality in relation to energy to show the multiple ways in which the contemporary configuration of state power makes it unable to fully attend to fossil-fuel dependency. Making small changes to energy use via changes to energy habit never results in the system change required. While habit can thus be a useful analytic tool in understanding state power in relation to energy use, the paper argues that it is not a mechanism through which one might fundamentally change current configurations of energy dependency.

India–West Asia Relations Under the ‘Nationalist’ Modi Government

India’s West Asia policy discourse has traditionally revolved around its energy dependency, security and the welfare of the 7 million Indians living in the region. In recent years, particularly since the coming of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to power in 2014, the issues of counterterrorism, security, defence cooperation and non-oil trade have gained in importance. This qualitative shift is partially guided and supported by both pragmatism and the ideological differences that the BJP and its predecessor, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), had been maintaining against the West Asia policy of the earlier governments led by the Congress party. Through explaining the ideological perspectives of the Indian National Congress (INC) and the BJP, this article argues that the changing global and West Asian landscape, the consolidation of Chinese influence in and around India’s land and maritime boundaries, the instability in the energy market and the insecurity of the Arab uprising–hit West Asian monarchies have provided the BJP government an opportune time to rethink and reorient India’s relations with West Asia. While ideological determinants dominate the public discourse, as the BJP’s top leadership elaborates in the public domain, the policy choices made are not always in tune with these. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has often preferred the pragmatic to the ideological, and this he has done over the expectations of his party and supporters.

EVALUATION OF TARIFFS OF TRANSPORTING NATURAL GAS (TOLL FEES) ON PIPE SECTION X BY ANALYZING THE SENSITIVITY THE SENSITIVITY OF THE COST OF SERVICE PARAMETERS

Indonesia has large enough gas reserves to meet household and industrial needs. It's just that, the price or the existing gas-related system is not maximal yet. One of the things that can ease the burden on the state is the use of household gas networks, some people are still hesitant to use it even though the price is relatively cheap compared to LPG. In determining the gas price, one of the components that has an effect on determining the gas price is the toll fee through pipes to be channeled. So the authors aim to conduct this research in order to educate and maximize solutions for energy dependency, for example the location I took is located in North Sumatra Province, with a pipeline stretching 156.5 km from X1 to X3. With OD 16 "along 18.5 km and existing OD 12" along 138 km. The maximum capacity of the two pipes is 150 MSCFD and 75 MSCFD, and the average volume that flows is not up to 10%. The construction of the pipe requires a cost of $ 42,391,716 USD, and nearly 55% of the total is pipe material including fittings, coatings, and others. With an average annual revenue of $ 11.561943 this project alone should have been able to return on investment for less than 5 years. With tariff analysis, the amount can be optimized with volume by reducing a few dollars per MSCF, to $ 7.49 making it more economical.