Under physiological conditions, nitric oxide (NO) produced by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) upregulates hepatic insulin sensitivity. Recently, contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria named mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) emerged as a crucial hub for insulin signaling in the liver. As mitochondria are targets of NO, we explored whether NO regulates hepatic insulin sensitivity by targeting MAMs. In Huh7 cells, primary rat hepatocytes and mouse livers, enhancing NO concentration increased MAMs, whereas inhibiting eNOS decreased them. In vitro, those effects were prevented by inhibiting protein kinase G (PKG) and mimicked by activating soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and PKG. In agreement with the regulation of MAMs, increasing NO concentration improved insulin signaling, both in vitro and in vivo, while eNOS inhibition disrupted this response. Finally, inhibition of insulin signaling by wortmannin did not affect the impact of NO on MAMs, while experimental MAM disruption, using either targeted silencing of cyclophilin D or the overexpression of the organelle spacer fetal and adult testis-expressed 1 (FATE-1), significantly blunted the effects of NO on both MAMs and insulin response. Therefore, under physiological conditions, NO participates to the regulation of MAM integrity through the sGC/PKG pathway and concomitantly improves hepatic insulin sensitivity. Altogether, our data suggest that the induction of MAMs participate in the impact of NO on hepatocyte insulin response.
REV-ERB in GABAergic neurons controls diurnal hepatic insulin sensitivity
