2 Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve Disorders

Abstract: The olfactory nerve is the first cranial nerve. Olfactory disorders can have a negative impact on health and quality of life and affect human psychology. The aim of this study is to determine the basic anatomical, clinical medical and psychological picture of the olfactory nerve. This study was in the form of a literature review. Literature is taken from one database, namely PubMed. The keywords used were olfactory nerve anatomy AND clinical AND psychology. After being selected with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 literature will be reviewed. Research from 11 literature reviewed found the basic anatomy of the olfactory nerve. Clinical disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, phantosmia can occur in several non-neurodegenerative and neurodegenerative events or diseases, namely head injury trauma, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and COVID-19. Psychological issues related to emotional and psychiatric disorders are also related to smell. In conclusion, the first cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve or the olfactory nerve, which clinically can occur in neurogenerative and non-neurodegenerative diseases. Smell and its disturbances can have a psychological impact.Keywords: olfactory nerve, anatomy, clinical, psychology. Abstrak: Nervus olfaktorius merupakan saraf kranial pertama. Gangguan olfaktorius dapat berdampak buruk pada kesehatan dan kualitas hidup serta memengaruhi psikologis manusia. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui gambaran dasar anatomi, klinis medis dan psikologis dari nervus olfaktorius. Penelitian ini dalam bentuk literature review. Literatur diambil dari satu database yaitu PubMed. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu olfactory nerve anatomy AND clinical AND psychology. Setelah diseleksi dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi didapatkan 11 literatur yang akan di review. Hasil penelitian dari 11 literatur yang di review didapatkan anatomi dasar nervus olfaktorius. Gangguan klinis seperti anosmia, hiposmia, phantosmia dapat terjadi pada beberapa kejadian atau penyakit non-neurodegeneratif dan neurodegeneratif yaitu Trauma cedera kepala, Alzheimer, Parkinson dan COVID-19. Psikologis yang berkaitan dengan emosional dan gangguan psikiatri juga berhubungan dengan penciuman. Sebagai simpulan, saraf kranial pertama adalah nervus olfaktorius atau disebut saraf penciuman, secara klinis bisa terjadi pada penyakit neurogeneratif dan non-neurodegeneratif. Penciuman dan gangguannya dapat memengaruhi psikologis.Kata kunci: Saraf olfaktori, anatomi, klinis, psikologi.

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Survey on Olfactory Testing by Pediatric Neurologists: Is the Olfactory a “True” Cranial Nerve?

Journal of Child Neurology ◽

10.1177/0883073819896513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 317-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Harvey B. Sarnat ◽

Laura Flores-Sarnat

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Cranial Nerve ◽

Genetic Disorders ◽

Genetic Diseases ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

The United States ◽

Olfactory Nerve ◽

Multiple Choice Questions ◽

Olfactory Testing ◽

The Brain

Background: The olfactory nerve was conceptualized in the 4th century BC by Alcmaeon and described anatomically by Winslow in 1733. Cranial nerves (CNs) were named and numbered by Soemmerring in 1791. Notions still prevail that the olfactory (CN1) is not a “true” cranial nerve. Methods: To confirm our impression that the olfactory nerve is infrequently tested by North American pediatric neurologists, a survey was distributed to members of national pediatric neurology societies in Mexico, Canada, and the United States. A total of 233 responses were received to 6 multiple-choice questions regarding practice patterns examining CN1 in neonates and children and in metabolic, endocrine, and genetic disorders and cerebral malformations. Two of the questions addressed familiarity with neonatal olfactory reflexes and asked whether the olfactory is a “true” cranial nerve. Results: Only 16% to 24% of North American pediatric neurologists examine CN1 in neonates, even in conditions in which olfaction may be impaired. About 40% of respondents were aware of olfactory reflexes. A minority 15% did not consider CN1 as a “true” cranial nerve. Conclusions: Olfactory evaluation in neonates is simple, rapid, and inexpensive. It tests parts of the brain not otherwise examined. It may assist diagnosis in cerebral malformations; metabolic, endocrine, and hypoxic encephalopathies; and some genetic diseases, including chromosomopathies. CN1 is neuroanatomically unique and fulfills criteria of a true sensory cranial nerve. We recommend that olfaction be routinely or selectively included during neurologic examination of neonates and children.

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The Olfactory Nerve—Cranial Nerve I

Pain Review ◽

10.1016/b978-1-4160-5893-9.00002-2 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 4-5

Author(s):

Steven D. Waldman

Keyword(s):

Cranial Nerve ◽

Olfactory Nerve

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First Cranial Nerve: Olfactory Nerve

Neurological Examination Made Easy ◽

10.5005/jp/books/10548_3 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 25-25

Author(s):

Rajendra Kenkre

Keyword(s):

Cranial Nerve ◽

Olfactory Nerve

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The neuropsychological function of the 12 cranials nerves

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72125-3 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 417-417

Author(s):

S. Frohlich ◽

C.A. Franco

Keyword(s):

Cranial Nerve ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Olfactory Nerve ◽

Spinal Nerve ◽

Neuropsychological Function ◽

Trochlear Nerve ◽

Abducent Nerve ◽

Behavioral Attitudes ◽

The Brain ◽

Cognitive Attitude

The cranial nerves can be an important key for research in Neuropsychology. Our hypothesis is that they can be organized in three groups and then, related to specifics attitudes.The Cochlear Nerve (VII pair), the Optic Nerve (II pair) and the olfactory nerve (I pair) have special translators that process the sensorial information from the environment to the brain, to form a clue. They are the first cranial nerve group: the cognitive nerves that incite the nervous system in an endogenous way. The second cranial nerve group stimulates muscles: the spinal nerve (XI pair) that regulates the posture, the trigeminal nerve (V pair) that is connected to mastication muscles and the hypoglossal nerve (XII pair) that supplies motor fibers for all the tongue muscles. They are behavioral nerves and act in an exogenous way.The third cranial nerve group regulates the emotions and is connected to the SNA: the Vagus nerve (X pair), the Facial nerve (VII pair) and the Glossofaringeal nerve (IX pair).The cranial nerves that enervate the eyes muscles are responsible for the regulation of the visual focus and the attention. We related them to the three groups above described. The Trochlear nerve (IV pair) incite a cognitive attitude and act in an endogenous way; the Abducent nerve (VI pair) produces the plain environmental attention through the saccades and following eyes movement and produces behavioral attitudes and the Oculomotor Nerve (III pair) act in autonomic way, regulating the inner feelings and emotions.

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