The neuropsychological function of the 12 cranials nerves

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 417-417
Author(s):  
S. Frohlich ◽  
C.A. Franco
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Neuropsychological Function ◽  
Trochlear Nerve ◽  
Abducent Nerve ◽  
Behavioral Attitudes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cognitive Attitude

The cranial nerves can be an important key for research in Neuropsychology. Our hypothesis is that they can be organized in three groups and then, related to specifics attitudes.The Cochlear Nerve (VII pair), the Optic Nerve (II pair) and the olfactory nerve (I pair) have special translators that process the sensorial information from the environment to the brain, to form a clue. They are the first cranial nerve group: the cognitive nerves that incite the nervous system in an endogenous way. The second cranial nerve group stimulates muscles: the spinal nerve (XI pair) that regulates the posture, the trigeminal nerve (V pair) that is connected to mastication muscles and the hypoglossal nerve (XII pair) that supplies motor fibers for all the tongue muscles. They are behavioral nerves and act in an exogenous way.The third cranial nerve group regulates the emotions and is connected to the SNA: the Vagus nerve (X pair), the Facial nerve (VII pair) and the Glossofaringeal nerve (IX pair).The cranial nerves that enervate the eyes muscles are responsible for the regulation of the visual focus and the attention. We related them to the three groups above described. The Trochlear nerve (IV pair) incite a cognitive attitude and act in an endogenous way; the Abducent nerve (VI pair) produces the plain environmental attention through the saccades and following eyes movement and produces behavioral attitudes and the Oculomotor Nerve (III pair) act in autonomic way, regulating the inner feelings and emotions.

Survey on Olfactory Testing by Pediatric Neurologists: Is the Olfactory a “True” Cranial Nerve?

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey B. Sarnat ◽  
Laura Flores-Sarnat
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
The United States ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
The Brain

Background: The olfactory nerve was conceptualized in the 4th century BC by Alcmaeon and described anatomically by Winslow in 1733. Cranial nerves (CNs) were named and numbered by Soemmerring in 1791. Notions still prevail that the olfactory (CN1) is not a “true” cranial nerve. Methods: To confirm our impression that the olfactory nerve is infrequently tested by North American pediatric neurologists, a survey was distributed to members of national pediatric neurology societies in Mexico, Canada, and the United States. A total of 233 responses were received to 6 multiple-choice questions regarding practice patterns examining CN1 in neonates and children and in metabolic, endocrine, and genetic disorders and cerebral malformations. Two of the questions addressed familiarity with neonatal olfactory reflexes and asked whether the olfactory is a “true” cranial nerve. Results: Only 16% to 24% of North American pediatric neurologists examine CN1 in neonates, even in conditions in which olfaction may be impaired. About 40% of respondents were aware of olfactory reflexes. A minority 15% did not consider CN1 as a “true” cranial nerve. Conclusions: Olfactory evaluation in neonates is simple, rapid, and inexpensive. It tests parts of the brain not otherwise examined. It may assist diagnosis in cerebral malformations; metabolic, endocrine, and hypoxic encephalopathies; and some genetic diseases, including chromosomopathies. CN1 is neuroanatomically unique and fulfills criteria of a true sensory cranial nerve. We recommend that olfaction be routinely or selectively included during neurologic examination of neonates and children.

Cranial nerves

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arangasamy Anbarasu ◽  
Jack I. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Facial Movement ◽  
The Brain

This section discusses the cranial nerve. Cranial nerves are important structures involved with special functions of smell, sight, lacrimation, hearing, balance, taste, facial movement, mastication and swallowing. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves which are named anatomically by the level at which they exit the brain and brainstem, with lower numbered cranial nerves exiting superior and anterior to higher numbered ones.

Isolated inflammatory sphenoiditis with multiple unilateral cranial nerve palsies

2006 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Shukla ◽  
S M Keh ◽  
P Andrews ◽  
H Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Rare Entity ◽  
Cranial Nerve Involvement ◽  
Nerve Involvement ◽  
Cranial Nerve Palsies ◽  
Abducent Nerve ◽  
Specific Symptoms ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

Isolated sphenoidits is a rare entity that often presents with vague, non-specific symptoms. We present the case of a 36-year-old Middle Eastern man, who developed headache and a painful right eye. A diagnosis of acute sphenoiditis was made. Shortly afterwards, he developed diplopia due to isolated abducent nerve involvement. Within two months, the extent of cranial nerve involvement had increased to include cranial nerves II, III, and V. Subsequently, this was treated by functional endoscopic sinus surgical drainage and biopsy. Histology revealed inflammatory changes. The patient made a dramatic recovery post-operatively, with resolution in all symptoms.

Cranial Nerves and Cranial Nerve Nuclei

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Mason
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Abducens Nerve ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Anatomical Arrangement ◽  
Cranial Nerve Injuries ◽  
Nerve Dysfunction ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

The functions of cranial nerves, conduits for sensory information to enter and motor information to exit the brain, and the common complaints arising from cranial nerve injuries are described. The modified anatomical arrangement of sensory and motor territories in the brainstem provides a framework for understanding the organization of the cranial nerve nuclei. A thorough grounding in the anatomy of cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei allows the student to deduce whether a given set of symptoms arises from a central or peripheral lesion. The near triad, pupillary light reflex, and Bell’s palsy are particularly emphasized. The contributions of the six extraocular muscles to controlling eye position and to potential diplopia are described along with the consequences of oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerve dysfunction. The potential for lesions of facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves to yield dysphagia and dysarthria are outlined.

Brain Stem and Cranial Nerve Monitoring

2016 ◽  
pp. 788-798
Author(s):  
Brian A. Crum
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Nerve Monitoring ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Cranial Nerve Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Clinical Deficits

Cranial nerves can be injured during surgical procedures performed in the middle and posterior cranial fossae as well as in the head and neck region. Damage results from compression, stretch, abrasion, or ischemia of the nerve. If axonal disruption occurs, recovery is limited, resulting in significant clinical deficits. Cranial nerve function can be monitored during anesthesia by recording spontaneous or stimulus-evoked electrical activity directly from the nerve or the cranial muscles. Activity in other pathways in the brain stem can be monitored by following changes in evoked potentials of sensory and motor pathways. These methods can detect damage to either the intra-axial or the extra-axial portion of cranial nerves and can localize cranial nerves during an operation when normal anatomy is altered, making accurate identification of nerves difficult. Finally, information from intraoperative cranial nerve monitoring may lead to an altered surgical plan to preserve neurological function.

scholarly journals The Brain-Nose Interface: A Potential Cerebrospinal Fluid Clearance Site in Humans

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neel H. Mehta ◽  
Jonah Sherbansky ◽  
Angela R. Kamer ◽  
Roxana O. Carare ◽  
Tracy Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Treatment Considerations ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
The Brain

The human brain functions at the center of a network of systems aimed at providing a structural and immunological layer of protection. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) maintains a physiological homeostasis that is of paramount importance to proper neurological activity. CSF is largely produced in the choroid plexus where it is continuous with the brain extracellular fluid and circulates through the ventricles. CSF movement through the central nervous system has been extensively explored. Across numerous animal species, the involvement of various drainage pathways in CSF, including arachnoid granulations, cranial nerves, perivascular pathways, and meningeal lymphatics, has been studied. Among these, there is a proposed CSF clearance route spanning the olfactory nerve and exiting the brain at the cribriform plate and entering lymphatics. While this pathway has been demonstrated in multiple animal species, evidence of a similar CSF egress mechanism involving the nasal cavity in humans remains poorly consolidated. This review will synthesize contemporary evidence surrounding CSF clearance at the nose-brain interface, examining across species this anatomical pathway, and its possible significance to human neurodegenerative disease. Our discussion of a bidirectional nasal pathway includes examination of the immune surveillance in the olfactory region protecting the brain. Overall, we expect that an expanded discussion of the brain-nose pathway and interactions with the environment will contribute to an improved understanding of neurodegenerative and infectious diseases, and potentially to novel prevention and treatment considerations.

Head and neck and neuroscience

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Clinical Reasoning ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Spinal Nerve ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Brain

Two apparently separate areas of medical science, head and neck and neuroscience, are often combined in the early phases of undergraduate medical education. Perhaps an obvious reason for this is that the brain, together with the organs of special sense — eyes, ears, nose, and taste buds — are located in the head. Head and neck injuries can therefore be serious and are commonly life-threatening. Another reason is embryological. The development of the head and the central nervous system (CNS) are closely intertwined. The whole CNS is essentially a segmented structure, with a pair of spinal (or cranial) nerves arising in each body segment. For the spinal cord and spinal nerves, each segment is marked by its own vertebra. The situation is more complex in the head, where the developing brain undergoes cervical, cephalic, and pontine flexures. These folds in the growing neural tube, plus the development of a protective cranium, obscure the underlying segmental pattern, but each segment of the brain still bears its pair of cranial nerves. The organization of the CNS and peripheral nervous system is complex but ordered, and neurological disorder can often be diagnosed by a process of clinical reasoning if the structural and functional properties of the system are sufficiently well understood. Neurological disorders commonly present as alteration in, or loss of, sensation or disturbance of motor function. Knowing which areas of skin (the dermatomes) and which muscles are innervated by each cranial or spinal nerve, together with understanding the characteristic deficiencies produced by abnormality, will often allow the neurologist to use clinical reasoning skills to localize a lesion with considerable accuracy, before radiological or other investigation is undertaken. The diagnostic process is assisted by specific neurological tests, performed during the physical examination, which investigate the integrity of various neural pathways. Disorders of the CNS can involve alterations of sensory perception, motor performance, emotion, overt behaviour, consciousness, and perceptions of self. Some diagnoses may be made with neurological techniques, others by psychiatric techniques, and in many instances the recognition of characteristic patterns of altered perception, performance, or behaviour may be important clues.

scholarly journals Hypoglossal canal schwannoma causing isolated left 12th cranial nerve palsy

2018 ◽  
pp. bcr-2018-225544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Heda ◽  
Davala Krishna Karthik ◽  
Erigaisi Srinivas Rao ◽  
Anirudda Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerve Palsy ◽  
Nerve Palsy ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Left Half ◽  
Hypoglossal Canal ◽  
Insidious Onset ◽  
12Th Cranial Nerve ◽  
The Brain

A 40-year-old woman presented with insidious onset, gradually progressive dysarthria and inability to manoeuvre bolus of food in her mouth while eating. The duration of her symptoms was 3 months. On evaluation, the left half of her tongue was wasted. The tongue deviated to the left on protrusion. There were no clinical features suggestive of involvement of the ipsilateral 9th, 10th or 11th cranial nerves. MRI of the brain showed a large, fusiform lesion in the left hypoglossal canal, extending into the jugular canal. The lesion was surgically excised and found to be a schwannoma.

Osteopetrosis in a young adult dog causing multiple cranial nerve deficits

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e000856
Author(s):  
James Elford ◽  
Andrew T Parry ◽  
Sebastien Behr
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Ionised Calcium ◽  
Mild Anaemia ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
The Brain

A two-year-old Cocker Spaniel was presented for investigation of lethargy and cranial nerve deficits. Neurological examination revealed multiple cranial nerves deficits and haematology and serum biochemistry revealed mild anaemia. MRI of the brain revealed caudoventral cerebellar herniation and cervical syringohydromyelia, while both MRI and CT revealed hyperostosis of the calvarium and narrowing of the calvarial foramina. Radiographs demonstrated marked osteosclerosis of the skull, vertebrae, sternebrae, ribs and long bones of the limbs. Further biochemistry revealed total calcium, ionised calcium and vitamin D levels to be unremarkable. This led to a diagnosis of osteopetrosis. Osteopetrosis is an extremely rare condition in dogs, with only sporadic cases being reported previously in the literature.

scholarly journals Receptors and afferents of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves

1910 ◽  
Vol 82 (557) ◽  
pp. 450-457 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Sixth Cranial Nerve ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Brain

The view generally accepted regarding the functions of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve pairs is that they are purely motor. Certain experiments and observations made by one of us and published some years ago threw doubt, however, on this belief. It was then shown that severance of the third or fourth or sixth nerves at origin from the brain produces degeneration of practically all the nerve-fibres of the respective muscles innervated by those nerves and of the receptive endorgans with which those muscles are, as was shown, plentifully supplied.

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