Functional Anatomy of the Craniomedial and Caudolateral Bundles of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament in Beagle Dogs

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate detailed functional anatomy of the craniomedial bundle (CrMB) and caudolateral bundle (CdLB) of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) for application of intra-articular anatomical reconstruction in dogs. Materials and Methods Twelve stifle joint of 12 Beagle cadavers were used. Anatomical characteristics of femoral attachment regions of the CrCL were determined. Then, the location and area of the footprints of the CrMB and CdLB were objectively measured. Each bundle was equally divided into four fibre bundles, and changes in the fibre arrangement were recorded during stifle range of motion. Additionally, the tension of each fibre bundle at various stifle joint angles was objectively measured. Results The attachment region of the CrCL clearly differed from that reported in humans. The centre of the CdLB attachment site was located craniodistal to that of the CrMB on the femur and slightly caudal to that of the CrMB on the tibia. The area of the CrMB on the femoral and tibial attachment sites was larger than that of the CdLB. During stifle range of motion, each divided fibre bundle in the CrMB and CdLB was twisted intricately. The tension of the CrMB was higher than that of CdLB. The central part of the CrMB was always tense during stifle range of motion. Clinical Significance These results may contribute to the application of anatomical reconstruction surgery for CrCL deficient stifle in dogs.

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Functional Anatomy of the Craniolateral and Caudomedial Bundles of the Caudal Cruciate Ligament in Beagle Dogs

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1726085 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Koji Tanegashima ◽

Kazuya Edamura ◽

Takahiro Ogawa ◽

Yuma Tomo ◽

Atsushi Yamazaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Fibre Bundle ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Functional Anatomy ◽

Attachment Site ◽

Joint Angles ◽

Full Extension ◽

Medial Condyle ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Objectively Measured

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate functional anatomy of the craniolateral bundle (CrLB) and caudomedial bundle (CdMB) of caudal cruciate ligament in normal Beagles. Materials and Methods Twelve stifle joints of 12 Beagle cadavers that were euthanatized for reasons other than musculoskeletal disease were used. Anatomical characteristics of femoral and tibial attachment regions of the caudal cruciate ligament were described, and location and area of the footprints of the CrLB and CdMB were objectively determined. The CrLB was artificially divided into two equal fibre bundle units and the CdMB was artificially divided into four equal bundle units. Changes in the fibre arrangement were recorded during stifle range of motion, and the tension of each fibre bundle unit at various stifle joint angles was objectively measured. Results The CrLB was attached to the intercondylar fossa of the femur, and the CdMB was attached to the medial surface of the medial condyle of the femur. The centre of the CrLB attachment site was located craniomedial to that of the CdMB on the tibia. During stifle range of motion, each divided fibre bundle unit in the CrLB and CdMB was twisted externally. The tension of entire CdMB tended to be higher than that of entire CrLB at 180 to 135 degrees of the stifle angles. In full extension angle, the tension of entire CdMB was 1.55 times higher than that of entire CrLB. Clinical Significance This study contributes to understanding of the biomechanics and the function of the caudal cruciate ligament, which help to elucidate the pathophysiology of caudal cruciate ligament tear and to develop stifle joint stabilization surgery.

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The Effect of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture on Range of Motion in Dogs

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci8070119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Stefania Pinna ◽

Francesco Lanzi ◽

Chiara Tassani

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Rehabilitation Program ◽

Joint Motion ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Ligament Rupture ◽

Choice Of Treatment ◽

Clinical Records ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Range of motion (ROM) is a measure often reported as an indicator of joint functionality. Both the angle of extension and that of flexion were measured in 234 stifle joints of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. The aims of this study were to investigate the correlation between CCL rupture and alterations in the range of stifle joint motion and to determine whether there was a prevalence modification of one of the two angles. All the extension and flexion angles were obtained from clinical records and were analysed in various combinations. A significant relationship was found between normal angles and abnormal angles; concerning the reduction in the ROM, a significant prevalence in the alteration extension angle was found. Of the 234 stifles, 33 (13.7%) were normal in both angles. These results could offer important insights regarding the influence of CCL rupture on compromising the ROM. This awareness could be a baseline for understanding the ability of surgical treatment to restore one angle rather than another angle, to address the choice of treatment and to help physiotherapists in their rehabilitation program.

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Biomechanical Properties of the Stifle Joint Lateral Collateral Ligament in Dogs

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1633103 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 05 (04) ◽

pp. 158-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Blackketter ◽

J Harari ◽

J. Dupuis

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Lateral Collateral Ligament ◽

Biomechanical Properties ◽

Fibular Head ◽

Joint Stability ◽

Collateral Ligament ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint

Bone/lateral collateral ligament/bone preparations were tested and structural mechanical properties compared to properties of cranial cruciate ligament in 15 dogs. The lateral collateral ligament has sufficient stiffness to provide stifle joint stability and strength to resist acute overload following fibular head transposition.

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Effect of Suture Type on Stifle Joint Biomechanics After Extra-Articular Repair of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection in the Dog

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1633270 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 4 (04) ◽

pp. 144-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. S. Bauer ◽

W. E. Blevins ◽

W. R. Widmer ◽

Jaqueline Davidson ◽

S. W. Aiken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Tibial Tuberosity ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Ligament Rupture ◽

Cruciate Ligament Rupture ◽

Before And After ◽

Joint Biomechanics ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

SummaryThe effect of two suture types, monofilament polybutester and braided polyester, on stifle joint biomechanics after extra-articular repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture was evaluated by analysis of the instant centre of motion. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were determined radiographically on both stifles of eight fresh canine cadavers before and after cranial cruciate ligament transection. After ligament transection, all 16 stifles were repaired with an extra-articular technique utilizing a double strand of suture placed between the lateral fabella and the tibial tuberosity. One stifle on each cadaver was repaired with each suture type. The instant centres of motion and resulting velocity vectors were re-evaluated post repair. All stifles had normal instant centres of motion prior to transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. Neither ligament transection nor extra-articular repair with either suture type resulted in an abnormal change in the instant centre of motion.

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Arthroscopic Articular Cartilage Scores of the Canine Stifle Joint with Naturally Occurring Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1719064 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kimberly A. Agnello ◽

Kei Hayashi ◽

Dorothy Cimino Brown

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Cartilage Damage ◽

Meniscal Tear ◽

Trochlear Groove ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Medial Meniscal Tear ◽

Severity Scores

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate frequency, location and severity of cartilage pathology in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease. Study Design Stifle arthroscopic video recordings (n = 120) were reviewed. A modified Outerbridge classification system (MOCS) (0–4) was used to score cartilage at 10 locations in the femorotibial (medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaus) and patellofemoral compartments (proximal, middle and distal locations of the patella and femoral trochlear groove) of the stifle joint. Synovial pathology was scored and the presence of a medial meniscal tear was recorded. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate association of location and synovitis with cartilage score; and presence of meniscal tear with cartilage and synovitis scores. Bonferroni correction was utilized and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Cartilage pathology and synovitis were identified in all joints. Overall cartilage severity scores were low (median MOCS 1). The median MOCS of the proximal trochlear groove (2) was significantly higher than all other locations evaluated. Higher synovitis scores were significantly associated with higher cartilage severity scores and a medial meniscal tear had no association with cartilage severity scores or synovitis. Conclusion Arthroscopic articular cartilage lesions are common in dogs with CCL disease at the time of surgical intervention, although the severity of cartilage damage is mild. The proximal trochlear groove of the femur had the most severe cartilage score in the stifle joint.

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Extracapsular articulating implant to treat cranial cruciate ligament disease in a dog with multiple myeloma

Veterinary Record Case Reports ◽

10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000767 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. e000767

Author(s):

Eloise Elisabeth Lhuillery ◽

Philip Georg Witte

Keyword(s):

Multiple Myeloma ◽

Medical Treatment ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Tibial Plateau ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Mild Reduction ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease ◽

Hindlimb Lameness ◽

Malignant Neoplasia

An 11-year-old Border collie was presented for left hindlimb lameness associated with cranial cruciate ligament disease. The history included right tibial plateau levelling osteotomy performed approximately two years previously, with a subjectively good outcome. Multiple myeloma had been diagnosed approximately two months before presentation of the left hindlimb lameness. Medical treatment of multiple myeloma included glucocorticoids (prednisolone) and melphalan. Stabilisation of the left stifle was performed with the Simitri Stable in Stride extracapsular articulating implant. The dog demonstrated weightbearing on the operated limb within 24 hours following surgery. Re-examination six weeks following surgery revealed mild left hindlimb lameness, no resentment to manipulation of the left stifle, no cranial tibial thrust and a mild reduction in the range of motion. Hindlimb function was affected by various neurological events considered secondary to the malignant neoplasia; however, left stifle function was good until euthanasia 11 months following surgery.

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