The purpose of this study was to determine whether the human diaphragm, like limb muscle, has a threshold of force output at which a metaboreflex is activated causing systemic vasoconstriction. We used Doppler ultrasound techniques to quantify leg blood flow (QL) and utilized the changes in mouth twitch pressure (ΔPMT) in response to bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation to quantify the onset of diaphragm fatigue. Six healthy male subjects performed four randomly assigned trials of identical duration (8 ± 2 min) and breathing pattern [20 breaths/min and time spent on inspiration during the duty cycle (time spent on inspiration/total time of one breathing cycle) was 0.4] during which they inspired primarily with the diaphragm. For trials 1- 3, inspiratory resistance and effort was gradually increased [30, 40, and 50% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP)], diaphragm fatigue did not occur, and QL, limb vascular resistance (LVR), and mean arterial pressure remained unchanged from control ( P > 0.05). The fourth trial utilized the same breathing pattern with 60% MIP and caused diaphragm fatigue, as shown by a 30 ± 12% reduction in PMT with bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation. During the fatigue trial, QL and LVR were unchanged from baseline at minute 1, but LVR rose 36% and QL fell 25% at minute 2 and by 52% and 30%, respectively, during the final minutes of the trial. Both LVR and QL returned to control within 30 s of recovery. In summary, voluntary increases in inspiratory muscle effort, in the absence of fatigue, had no effect on LVR and QL, whereas fatiguing the diaphragm elicited time-dependent increases in LVR and decreases in QL. We attribute the limb vasoconstriction to a metaboreflex originating in the diaphragm, which reaches its threshold for activation during fatiguing contractions.
Breathing Pattern and Subjective Responses to Small Inspiratory Resistance during Submaximal Exercise.
