Realistic multiscale simulations involve coupling of mesoscale and large-eddy simulation (LES) models, thus requiring efficient generation of turbulence in nested LES domains. Herein, we extend our previous work on the cell perturbation (CP) method to nonneutral atmospheric boundary layers (ABLs). A modified Richardson number scaling is proposed to determine the amplitude of the potential temperature perturbations in stable ABLs, with [Formula: see text] −1.0 overall providing optimum turbulence transition to a fully developed state (fetch reduced by a factor of 4–5, compared to the unperturbed cases). In the absence of perturbations, turbulence onset is triggered by a Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, typically occurring in the vicinity of the low-level jet maximum. It is found that a turbulent length scale [Formula: see text] can be used to more accurately estimate the optimum [Formula: see text], where q is the turbulence kinetic energy, and N is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. In convective ABLs, a perturbation amplitude based on mixed layer temperature variance scaling is proposed: [Formula: see text]. For that criterion to be optimum, the ratio [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the wind speed at the top of the capping inversion, and [Formula: see text] is the convective velocity scale, needs to be incorporated: [Formula: see text]. This allows us to account for the competing roles of the surface thermal instability and the mean flow advection. For [Formula: see text] 10, the development fetch is reduced by a factor of [Formula: see text]6, while when [Formula: see text] 3, the use of the CP method does not provide a significant advantage in the ability to generate turbulence, provided a smooth mesoscale inflow.
Wall-modeled lattice Boltzmann large-eddy simulation of neutral atmospheric boundary layers
