Pasture production of two cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum at Kybybolite, South Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Craig
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Stocking Rates

Two cultivars of subterranean clover, Trikkala and Mt Barker, were continuously grazed by Merino ewes and lambs at 3 stocking rates (8, 13, and 18 ewes/ha) from 1976 to 198 1. The pastures were assessed for clover seedling density, pasture availability and composition, seed reserves, and oestrogen content. Trikkala produced consistently higher seed yields than Mt Barker, with an average yield 3.36 times that of Mt Barker by January 1981 (1178 v. 350 kg/ka). The higher Trikkala seed yields resulted in improved clover seedling densities and increased amounts of clover in the pastures. At the last assessment (8 September 1980) there was an average of 3.15 times more clover in the Trikkala pastures than in the Mt Barker pastures (469 v. 149 kg/ha). Trikkala produced more total available pasture than Mt Barker, at several samplings, because the contribution of subterranean clover to total available pasture was greater after September 1978. The formononetin, genistein and biochanin A content of both cultivars decreased with increasing stocking rate. The most consistent effects were observed in genistein content, with reductions occurring in 7 of the 11 samplings.

scholarly journals Pasture production and liveweight gain from cocksfoot-subterranean clover pastures grazed at two stocking rates and closed at different times during spring

2008 ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ates ◽  
R.J. Lucas ◽  
G.R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Closing Date ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Clover Pasture

The effect of stocking rate (8.3 (low) and 13.9 (high) ewes + twin lambs/ha) and time of closing in spring on lamb liveweight gain, pasture production and subterranean clover seedling densities was monitored over 2 years for a dryland cocksfoot-subterranean clover pasture in Canterbury. Keywords: cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata, closing date, liveweight gain, seedling density, sheep grazing, stocking rate, subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum

Renovation of Yarloop subterranean clover pastures with Trikkala

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Little ◽  
PE Beale
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Minimal Damage ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Germinable Seed ◽  
Clover Scorch

Pastures containing the oestrogenic subterranean clover, Yarloop, were renovated and sown to Trikkala subterranean clover at the rate of 9 kg ha-1 germinable seed. The resultant pastures were continually grazed at either 7, 9 or 12 ewes ha for 6 years. Control Yarloop pastures were grazed similarly. Trikkala established at approximately 50 plants m-2 and represented 80% of all clover present in the year of sowing. Six years later Trikkala was successfully persisting at all stocking rates in terms of clover dry matter in spring (Trikkala 77%, Yarloop 23%), soil seed reserves in spring (Trikkala 450-1000 kg ha-1, Yarloop 300-450 kg ha-1) and plant density in spring (Trikkala 600-1000 plants m-2, Yarloop 200 plants m-2). Over the 6 years of the trial the proportion of Trikkala and Yarloop approached an equilibrium of 75% Trikkala to 25% Yarloop in all agronomic data collected. Compared with the control Yarloop pastures, the renovated Trikkala pastures maintained a greater clover percentage at all stocking rates. Available dry matter at the high stocking rate was consistently greater in the Yarloop pastures during winter and spring. At the low and medium stocking rates available dry matter tended to be greater in the Yarloop treatments for the first 2 years but was similar for both treatments in the latter 3 years. Clover scorch disease in the Yarloop pasture was controlled by spraying with a fungicide. Trikkala pastures were not sprayed and suffered minimal damage from the disease. Trikkala should perform better relative to Yarloop where clover scorch is a problem. It is concluded that Trikkala subterranean clover can successfully replace Yarloop subterranean clover in pastures previously dominated by Yarloop.

Tactical versus continuous stocking in perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pastures grazed by sheep in south-western Victoria. 1. Stocking rates and herbage production

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Waller ◽  
P. W. G. Sale ◽  
G. R. Saul ◽  
G. A. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Soil Fertility Status ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Terminal Sire ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Stocking Rates

A 4-year field experiment was carried out in south-western Victoria to determine whether tactical stocking might improve perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) persistence and prime lamb production, compared with the more common practice of year-around continuous stocking. Tactical stocking consisted of variable length summer, autumn and winter rotations and continuous stocking in spring. The 2 grazing strategies were compared on 2 contrasting pastures: an upgraded pasture, sown with newer cultivars of perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) with 26 kg phosphorus/ha.year, and a more typical naturalised perennial ryegrass pasture receiving 6 kg phosphorus/ha.year. Paddocks were grazed by Border Leicester x Merino ewes, which were mated to a terminal sire to lamb in September. The effects of the grazing systems and pasture treatments on herbage production and stocking rate are presented in this paper. Herbage production was similar between the treatments, but tactical stocking significantly increased herbage mass during the growing season (P<0.05) compared with continuous stocking. In spring each year, the herbage mass generally exceeded 3000 kg dry matter/ha in tactically stocked paddocks and averaged 500–900 kg dry matter/ha higher than the mass on continuously stocked paddocks. This enabled the year-round stocking rate to be increased by an average of 9% over the 4 years of the experiment. We considered that the stocking rates could not be further increased, despite the higher herbage mass in spring, as stock reduced the dry herbage to a low residual mass by the opening rains in autumn. In contrast, stocking rates averaged 51% higher on the upgraded pasture compared with the typical pasture over the 4 years of the experiment. This indicates that pasture improvement and soil fertility status have a much greater impact on productivity than changes to grazing method. However, tactical stocking was able to increase the sustainability of prime lamb production on upgraded pastures in a dry summer climate, by maintaining herbage cover on the paddocks over the summer–autumn period.

Factors affecting the productivity of irrigated annual pastures. 2. Defoliation by dairy cows

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Grazing Intensities ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Clover Seed

The influence of grazing intensity on the productivity of an irrigated annual pasture was studied for 3 years in northern Victoria. Lax-, medium- and hard-grazing intensities were described by post-grazing pasture heights of 7.2, 5.2 and 3.0 cm, respectively. Also, one instance of variable grazing frequency occurred, in winter of year 1. Hard-grazed plots produced 1 3 and 17% less herbage in years 1 and 2, respectively, than did lax- and medium-grazed plots, which produced similar amounts of herbage. When the interval between grazings was extended, the variation in productivity was reversed; lax grazing resulted in 9% less total production than heavier grazing. In years 1 and 2, there was little effect of grazing treatment on botanical composition until spring, at which time there was a marked reduction in the amount of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in the hard-grazed plots, with a concomitant increase in grass content. There were no significant effects of grazing intensity on the amounts of weeds in either year. However, in year 3, weeds were important contributors to pasture production early in the season. This, together with reduced clover seed reserves and increased incidence of disease in subterranean clover with hard grazing, suggests that the long-term regenerating ability of an annual pasture may be impaired if severely grazed at regular intervals.

Effect of gypsum on establishment, persistence and productivity of lucerne and annual pasture legumes on two grey Vertosols in southern New South Wales

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Dear ◽  
M. B. Peoples ◽  
R. C. Hayes ◽  
A. D. Swan ◽  
K. Y. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Annual Legumes ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Pasture Yield

Changes in pasture yield and botanical composition due to gypsum application were examined on Vertosols at two locations of differing soil sodicity, Grogan and Morangarell, in southern New South Wales. Two pasture treatments were examined. One was an annual pasture comprised of 3 annual legumes (2 subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum L. cultivars, Clare and Riverina, and balansa clover T. michelianum Savi cv. Paradana), while the second treatment consisted of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Aquarius sown in a mixture with the same annual legumes. Gypsum had no effect on the establishment or persistence of lucerne at either site. Gypsum increased the number of subterranean clover seedlings present in autumn in annual swards at the more sodic Grogan site in each of the 4 years, but provided no difference when the clover was in a mixture with lucerne. Annual legume seed yields in annual-only swards increased with gypsum by up to 58% at Grogan and 38% at Morangarell. Seed yields of both cultivars of subterranean clover declined as a proportion of the total annual legume seed bank when lucerne was included in the mixture, in contrast to balansa clover (at Grogan) and the naturalised annual legumes, burr medic (M. polymorpha L.) and woolly clover (T. tomentosum L.), which all increased in relative seed yield in the presence of lucerne. Total pasture production at the Grogan site increased with gypsum by up to 15% per annum in annual swards and 36% in lucerne swards depending on the season. Yield responses to gypsum by the lucerne component were observed in 10 of the 13 seasonal yield measurements taken at Grogan. However, total pasture yield and seasonal yields were unaffected by both gypsum and pasture type at the less sodic Morangarell site. It was concluded that sowing a diverse mixture of annual legumes or polycultures was conducive to maintaining productive pastures on these spatially variable soils. Lucerne dried the soil profile (0.15–1.15 m) more than annual pastures at both sites. The combination of gypsum and lucerne enhanced water extraction at depth (0.6–1.15 m) at the Grogan site increasing the size of the dry soil buffer whereas gypsum increased soil water at depth (>0.6 m) under annual swards.

Stocking rate and the superphosphate requirements of sown pasture on an acid soil

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (30) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stocking Rates

The response by Phalaris-subterranean clover pasture to applied nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur was measured at two sites on the same soil. Both sites had the same fertilizer history. For the past fifteen years the stocking rate on one site had been maintained at not less than three times that of the other. Yield responses to phosphorus were obtained at both sites. The response at the lower stocking rate was greater than that at the high stocking rate. A similar response pattern was found for nitrogen, but the difference in response between the stocking rate treatments was not significant. The pastures did not respond to sulphur. The trend was for sulphur to depress the yield at both stocking rates. The evidence suggests that less superphosphate was needed to maintain pasture production at high stocking rates than at low ones. Available phosphorus, determined chemically, increased with grazing intensity. There was no evidence that a particular soil phosphorus fraction was associated with this increase, or the lower requirement for added fertilizer. The only significant difference between grazing treatments were increases in the iron, calcium, and organic forms at the higher grazing intensity. It is probable that the present pasture response, and hence the fertilizer requirement of the soil, was influenced more by the altered growth potential of the plants under grazing, than by the effect of grazing on the soil nutrient status.

Effect of deferred autumn grazing and stocking rate of sheep on pasture production in a Mediterranean-type climate

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (79) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH Brown
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
June July ◽  
Stocking Rates

The effect of deferred autumn grazing and stocking rate on an annual pasture was monitored for five years at Kybybolite Research Centre in the south-east of South Australia. Pasture availability, yearly production and botanical composition were measured under a series of eight stocking rates from 12.4 to 29.7 Merino wethers per hectare. Autumn deferment resulted in extra available pasture during the winter months of June, July and August. However, the continously grazed pastures reached the same level of availability as the deferred pastures in spring. By the third year of the experiment yearly pasture production irrespective of grazing management was greatly reduced at the higher stocking rates. This reduction was associated with an invasion of Poa annua and Juncus bufonius. Autumn deferment tended to favour the growth of Wimmera ryegrass at the lower stocking rates whereas continuous grazing tended to favour clover growth at these stocking rates.

The effect of selenium on infertility in ewes grazing improved pastures

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (47) ◽  
pp. 672 ◽  
Author(s):  
KO Godwin ◽  
RE Kuchel ◽  
RA Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Elemental Selenium ◽  
Selenium Status ◽  
Selenium Analysis

Trials conducted in South Australia, in an area where pasture improvement by means of the introduction of subterranean clovers has been practised for 10-15 years, have shown a significant improvement in fertility, in ewes treated with selenium. Analysis of all pastures grazed, and of whole blood of stock grazing them, indicated that the selenium status of the feed and of the animals was low. Phyto-oestrogen assays showed the presence of the isoflavones formononetin, genistein, and biochanin A, in the subterranean clover, which was mainly the cultivar Yarloop (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Yarloop). Administration of selenium four to eight weeks before mating, given either as an oral dose of sodium selenite, or supplied in the form of an intraruminal selenium pellet containing elemental selenium and iron, led to an improvement in fertility; in some cases from 49 to 76 per cent. Also, lamb mortality was reduced by selenium administration to the ewes. There were differences due to selenium administration (P<0.001). Ewe fertility differed between pastures designated 'oestrogenic' and 'non-oestrogenic' (P<0.05). But no interaction between selenium and the presence of phyto-oestrogens could be shown by these experiments. The results are discussed in relation to the problem of infertility associated with the grazing of improved pastures

Time of first autumn irrigation and the yield and animal production of a subterranean clover-annual ryegrass pasture

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (44) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
LF Myers ◽  
VR Squires
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Clover Content

In two experiments at Deniliquin, New South Wales, the length of the prewinter growing season of an irrigated pasture was controlled by varying the date of the opening autumn irrigation : Irrigation began in February, March, or April for treatments T1, T2, and T3 respectively. In the first, winter yields of ungrazed pasture (July) fell by approximately 1500 lb DM/acre for each month that the first irrigation was delayed after February. Clover content of the pasture was progressively less as the opening irrigation was delayed. Seed yields were unchanged by length of growing season, but increased markedly with increased phosphate supply. In the second experiment, which was grazed at three stocking rates (5, 7, and 10 sheep/acre), the response to treatments was less than in the first (ungrazed) experiment. Pasture yield (available feed) and liveweight gain were similar on treatments T1 and T2. However, at the 10 sheep/acre rate, T1 plots survived for 14 months longer than T2plots. There was no evidence that a stocking rate of 7 sheep/ acre could not be maintained indefinitely on the treatment T1. Annual production exceeded 68 lb clean wool (90 lb greasy) an acre and the plots were supporting a total liveweight exceeding 1000 lb/acre. The influence of autumn rains on the response to early autumn irrigation and the practical implications of the results are discussed briefly.

Some variables influencing production of prime lamb and wool from pasture

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
A Axelsen ◽  
HR Gharaybeh ◽  
HW Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Stocking Rates

In an experiment at Canberra, A.C.T., extending over four years, crossbred and Merino ewes were grazed at three stocking rates on pastures of either phalaris (Phalaris tuberosa), phalaris combined with separate paddocks of brome grass (Bromus inermis), and cocksfoot (Dactyllis glomerata), or separate paddocks of brome grass and cocksfoot. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was present in all pastures. One-, two-, and three-paddock systems and two times of lambing were also compared. Pasture availability and animal productivity were measured. Early lambing resulted in more prime lambs although the later lambs had slightly higher rates of gain. At the highest crossbred stocking rate studied (seven ewes per acre) wool production per acre was still increasing, but number of prime lambs and lamb liveweight gain did not increase above stocking rates of five ewes per acre. More feed was available to ewes during late pregnancy on treatments allowing feed rationing in autumn and early winter, but neither rationing nor including brome grass and cocksfoot in the system increased animal productivity beyond that achieved by grazing phalaris continuously. At stocking rates up to six ewes per acre, animal production was greatest from phalaris grazed continuously. Stocking rates were designed to provide similar weights of either Merino or crossbred ewes per acre at each stocking level. Because more lambs were born to crossbred ewes they had less feed than Merinos in spring and summer at all stocking rates. Lambs from crossbred ewes were heavier at birth and grew faster than lambs from Merino ewes. More prime crossbred lambs were produced per acre at all stocking levels. The reproductive rate and lamb production of Merino ewes dropped sharply with increased stocking rate. Fleeceweights were similar for both breeds, particularly at low stocking rates. Wool production per acre increased with stocking rate and was higher from Merinos at each level.

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