Extrachromosomal inheritance of susceptibility to trypanosome infection in tsetse flies.

The Tsetse Investigation in N. Nigeria is being carried out under the auspices of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, the expense being met by the Nigerian Government. The work was commenced by the present Investigators in 1921 and their Report dealing with the first year's work was published in the Bulletin of Entomological Research (xiii, p. 373, April 1923). This paper deals more fully with the trypanosome infection of tsetses in Nigeria and describes a method of estimating this with rapidity.

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Some factors influencing the trypanosome infection rate in tsetse flies

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.1016/s0035-9203(30)91798-1 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 533-542 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

L.L. Lloyd

Keyword(s):

Infection Rate ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Trypanosome Infection ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Trypanosome Infection Rate

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Spatial distribution and trypanosome infection of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness focus of Zimbabwe in Hurungwe District

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-016-1879-5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

William Shereni ◽

Neil E. Anderson ◽

Learnmore Nyakupinda ◽

Giuliano Cecchi

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Sleeping Sickness ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Trypanosome Infection

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Suppression of Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei infection rates in tsetse flies maintained on goats immunized with uncoated forms of trypanosomes grown in vitro

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000056511 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 53-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M. Murray ◽

H. Hirumi ◽

S. K. Moloo

Keyword(s):

Binding Assay ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Trypanosome Infection ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Glossina Morsitans ◽

Glossina Morsitans Centralis ◽

Species Specific

Significant suppression in the incidence of cyclical development of Trypanosonia congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei occurred in Glossina morsitans centralis maintained on goats immunized with in vitro-propagated uncoated forms of T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei, respectively. This was observed when tsetse given a T. congolense-infected feed were subsequently maintained on uninfected immunized goats and also when uninfected tsetse were fed on immunized goats infected with T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei. Suppression of infection rates in tsetse was trypanosome species specific, but was independent of the trypanosome stock used for immunization of goats. These findings were reflected in antibody responses to uncoated trypanosomes, as measured by immunofluorescence and the solid-phase immuno radiometric binding assay. Thus, antibody from goats immunized with uncoated trypano somes of one species exhibited minimal reactivity with uncoated forms of other species of trypanosomes, but showed high levels of activity with uncoated forms of the same or unrelated stocks of the same species. However, in view of the range of hosts upon which tsetse feed, it is open to question whether the use of a vaccine which suppresses trypanosome infection rates in tsetse would have any significant effect in the field.

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Apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness endemic focus of Northwestern Uganda

10.21203/rs.3.rs-43888/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Opiro ◽

Robert Opoke ◽

Harriet Angwech ◽

Esther Nakafu ◽

Francis A. Oloya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infection Rate ◽

Apparent Density ◽

Blood Meal ◽

Nested Pcr ◽

Tsetse Fly ◽

Tsetse Flies ◽

Trypanosome Species ◽

Trypanosome Infection ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background: African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies.Methodology: We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset (272) of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results: Out of the 109 traps deployed, we captured 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females). Apparent density (AD) ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day in the two districts. 29 (10.7%) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species. Infection rate was not significantly associated with neither age group (χ2 = 5.001, df=2, 0.082), sex of the fly (χ2 = 0.099, df = 1, p = 0.753), district of origin (χ2= 0.629, df = 1, p = 0.428) nor village (χ2= 9.252, df = 9, p = 0.414). Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (6.62%), T. congolense (2.57%), T. brucei and T. simiae each at 0.73%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusio schapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Conclusion: We found an infection rate of 10.78 %, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for the animal disease only. However, more verification of this finding using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of interventions.

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