scholarly journals The effect of starvation on the susceptibility of teneral and non-teneral tsetse flies to trypanosome infection

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. KUBI ◽  
J. VAN DEN ABBEELE ◽  
R. DE DEKEN ◽  
T. MARCOTTY ◽  
P. DORNY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Infection

The Trypanosome Infections of Tsetse-flies in Northern Nigeria and a new Method of Estimation

1924 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ll. Lloyd ◽  
W. B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Nigerian Government ◽  
Entomological Research

The Tsetse Investigation in N. Nigeria is being carried out under the auspices of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, the expense being met by the Nigerian Government. The work was commenced by the present Investigators in 1921 and their Report dealing with the first year's work was published in the Bulletin of Entomological Research (xiii, p. 373, April 1923). This paper deals more fully with the trypanosome infection of tsetses in Nigeria and describes a method of estimating this with rapidity.

Suppression of Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei infection rates in tsetse flies maintained on goats immunized with uncoated forms of trypanosomes grown in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Murray ◽  
H. Hirumi ◽  
S. K. Moloo
Keyword(s):  
Binding Assay ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Centralis ◽  
Species Specific

Significant suppression in the incidence of cyclical development of Trypanosonia congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei occurred in Glossina morsitans centralis maintained on goats immunized with in vitro-propagated uncoated forms of T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei, respectively. This was observed when tsetse given a T. congolense-infected feed were subsequently maintained on uninfected immunized goats and also when uninfected tsetse were fed on immunized goats infected with T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei. Suppression of infection rates in tsetse was trypanosome species specific, but was independent of the trypanosome stock used for immunization of goats. These findings were reflected in antibody responses to uncoated trypanosomes, as measured by immunofluorescence and the solid-phase immuno radiometric binding assay. Thus, antibody from goats immunized with uncoated trypano somes of one species exhibited minimal reactivity with uncoated forms of other species of trypanosomes, but showed high levels of activity with uncoated forms of the same or unrelated stocks of the same species. However, in view of the range of hosts upon which tsetse feed, it is open to question whether the use of a vaccine which suppresses trypanosome infection rates in tsetse would have any significant effect in the field.

scholarly journals Apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness endemic focus of   Northwestern Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background: African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies.Methodology: We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset (272) of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results: Out of the 109 traps deployed, we captured 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females). Apparent density (AD) ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day in the two districts. 29 (10.7%) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species. Infection rate was not significantly associated with neither age group (χ2 = 5.001, df=2, 0.082), sex of the fly (χ2 = 0.099, df = 1, p = 0.753), district of origin (χ2= 0.629, df = 1, p = 0.428) nor village (χ2= 9.252, df = 9, p = 0.414). Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (6.62%), T. congolense (2.57%), T. brucei and T. simiae each at 0.73%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusio schapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Conclusion: We found an infection rate of 10.78 %, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for the animal disease only. However, more verification of this finding using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of interventions.

scholarly journals Apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness endemic focus of northwestern Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies. Methodology We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection status and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset (272) of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results We captured a total of 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females) in the two districts with apparent density (AD) ranging from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day (FTD). 10.7% (29/272) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species. Infection rate was not significantly associated with district of origin (Generalized linear model (GLM), χ2 = 0.018, P = 0.895, df = 1, n = 272) and sex of the fly (χ2 = 1.723, P = 0.189, df = 1, n = 272). However, trypanosome infection was highly significantly associated with the fly’s age based on wing fray category (χ2 = 22.374, P < 0.001, df = 1, n = 272), being higher among the very old than the young tsetse. Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (6.62%), T. congolense (2.57%), T. brucei and T. simiae each at 0.73%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusios chapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana). Conclusion We found an infection rate of 10.8% in the tsetse sampled, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for AAT. However, more verification of this finding using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of control interventions.

scholarly journals Apparent Density, Trypanosome Infection Rates and Host Preference of Tsetse Flies in the Sleeping Sickness Endemic Focus of North-Western Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background: African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies.Methodology: We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results: Out of the 109 traps deployed, we captured 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females). Apparent density (AD) ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day in the two districts. 29 (10.7%) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species, with infection rate significantly associated with age group (χ2 = 29.733, df = 2, p < 0.05) but not with sex (χ2 = 0.43, df = 1, p = 0.835) and district of origin (χ2 = 1.374, df = 1, p = 0.241). Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (62.1%), T. congolense (24.14 %), and T. brucei and T. simiae each at 6.89%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusio schapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Conclusion: We found a moderately high infection rate at 10.78%, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for the animal disease only. However, more validation using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of interventions.

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