An investigation of emotional and evaluative implicit associations with police using four versions of the Implicit Association Test

Author(s):  
Rikki H. Sargent ◽  
Leonard S. Newman
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert-Jan de Bruijn ◽  
Mario Keer ◽  
Mark Conner ◽  
Ryan E. Rhodes

An implicit association test (IAT) was used to investigate how habit strength, implicit attitudes and fruit consumption interrelate. Fifty-two participants completed a computerized IAT and provided measures of fruit consumption and related habit strength. Implicit attitudes moderated the habit strength—fruit consumption relationship; stronger relationships were observed when implicit attitudes were more positive. Amongst those with strong fruit habits, more positive associations with fruit were found for those who had recently consumed sufficient fruits compared to those who had not. Findings demonstrate the relevance of implicit positive associations in understanding the relationship between fruit consumption habits and subsequent fruit consumption.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Popovic ◽  
Julia Asseburg ◽  
Sebastian Weber

<p>Weather warnings serve the purpose of informing the public about potentially dangerous weather events so that they can take precautionary measures to avoid harm and damages. However, weather warning are often not user-oriented, which leads to poor understanding and low compliance rate. Moreover, warnings are often received during daily activities when the decision whether to respond to the warning might be taken within only a few seconds. The present study focuses on the question, which elements of a warning message are the most important to influence the spontaneous reaction to the warning and the intention to take action.</p><p>In a factorial survey experiment with 2000 Swiss citizen, we tested the influence of different elements of a warning message on people’s spontaneous appraisal of the warning and their intended behavioural change. The elements of the warning message we tested for were physical values (e.g. amount of rain in mm.), impact information, behavioural recommendations, warning level and labels for the severity of the event (e.g. “very severe”). We used an implicit association test to measure spontaneous appraisal of the warning message with respect to understanding, trust, risk perception and personal relevance. After the implicit association test, participants explicitly answered whether they would change their behaviour in response to the warning.</p><p>The experimental setup allows us to test for causal relations between the different elements of the warning message and the spontaneous reaction and intended behavioural response. Measuring the implicit associations provides us with a better understanding of the first reactions triggered by the warning elements and how that impacts intended behavior.</p><p>Our results (available by the end of April) will shed light on the question which information is the most important to serve as a wake-up call – a question that becomes even more relevant as warnings are increasingly transmitted via push-notifications on mobile phones. At the same time, our study provides a further insight into the cognitive process that underlies the decision to take protective actions.</p>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine M DeJesus ◽  
Susan A. Gelman ◽  
Julie C. Lumeng

Assessing children’s reasoning about food, including their health knowledge and their food preferences, is an important step toward understanding how health messages may influence children’s food choices. However, in many studies, assessing children’s reasoning relies on parent report or could be susceptible to social pressure from adults. To address these limitations, the present study describes the development of a food version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The IAT has been used to examine children’s implicit stereotypes about social groups, yet few studies have used the IAT in other domains (such as food cognition). Four- to 12-year-olds (n = 123) completed the food IAT and an explicit card sort task, in which children assessed foods based on their perception of the food’s healthfulness (healthy vs. unhealthy) and palatability (yummy vs. yucky). Surprisingly, children demonstrated positive implicit associations towards vegetables. This pattern may reflect children’s health knowledge, given that the accuracy of children’s healthfulness ratings in the card sort task positively predicted children’s food IAT d-scores. Implications for both food cognition and the IAT are discussed.


2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Siebler ◽  
Roberto González ◽  
Gabriela Ordóñez ◽  
Gerd Bohner ◽  
Andrés Haye ◽  
...  

We propose the Category-Focus IAT (CF-IAT) as an instrument to measure the implicit associations of single concepts. The CF-IAT directs respondents’ attention to a subset of the experimental materials. In a first study using the CF-IAT, Chilean adolescents (N = 49), members of either the indigenous minority (Mapuche) or the nonindigenous majority, completed CF-IATs assessing implicit attitudes toward these groups. Results revealed, in both groups, a neutral implicit evaluation of the ingroup, but a negative implicit evaluation of the outgroup. Process evidence suggests that the CF-IAT’s manipulation of attentional focus was successful.


Author(s):  
Aaron Erlich ◽  
Calvin Garner

ABSTRACT When their country is at war, individuals express support for their government and hostility toward the foreign adversary, leading to the “rally ′round the flag” effect. What is less understood is how, during a rally, ethnic identity and proximity to conflict relate to attitudes toward the home state and the adversary. Moreover, individuals may feel pressure to answer patriotically when asked about the conflict, particularly individuals who share an ethnic identity with the majority population of the foreign adversary, leading to biased measures of opinion. We study these dynamics in the context of Ukraine's ongoing war with Russia, comparing responses from self-identified ethnic Ukrainians and Russians in four cities in Ukraine. Using a lab-based implicit association test (IAT) and survey with 600 respondents, we examine whether respondents’ implicit biases, reflexive preferences that are hard to manipulate, match their explicitly stated preferences for either Ukraine or Russia. We find that, on average, ethnic Ukrainians and Russians in Ukraine are explicitly and implicitly pro-Ukraine, although we observe slightly lower levels of pro-Ukraine bias among ethnic Russians. We also find that 70 percent of those who are implicitly pro-Russia are explicitly neutral or pro-Ukraine, highlighting the need to study implicit associations in sensitive settings. Cuando un país está en guerra, la población expresa su apoyo al gobierno y hostilidad hacia el adversario extranjero, lo cual produce el efecto de “agruparse alrededor de la la bandera” [“rally ‘round the flag”]. Lo que no se comprende bien es la manera en que, durante una agrupación alrededor de la bandera, la identidad étnica y la proximidad al conflicto se relacionan con ciertas actitudes hacia el estado local y el adversario. Además, las personas pueden sentirse presionadas para responder de forma patriótica cuando se les pregunta acerca del conflicto, en particular aquellas que comparten una identidad étnica con la mayoría de la población del adversario extranjero, algo que da lugar a medidas de opinión sesgadas. Estudiamos estas dinámicas en el contexto de la guerra actual entre Ucrania y Rusia, comparando respuestas de ucranianos y rusos autoidentificados étnicamente en cuatro ciudades de Ucrania. Utilizando una prueba de asociación implícita (implicit association test, IAT) de laboratorio y una encuesta con 600 participantes, examinamos si los sesgos implícitos (preferencias reflexivas que son difíciles de manipular) de los encuestados coinciden con sus preferencias expresadas, ya sea a favor de Ucrania o de Rusia. Descubrimos que, en promedio, las personas de origen étnico ucraniano y ruso en Ucrania están explícita e implícitamente a favor de Ucrania, aunque observamos niveles levemente más bajos de sesgo a favor de Ucrania en personas de origen étnico ruso. Además, observamos que el 70 percent de aquellas personas que están implícitamente a favor de Rusia están explícitamente a favor de Ucrania o tienen una postura neutral, lo cual resalta la necesidad de estudiar asociaciones implícitas en entornos sensibles. Lorsque leur pays est en guerre, les individus expriment leur soutien pour leur gouvernement et leur hostilité envers l'opposant étranger, ce qui mène à un effet de « ralliement autour du drapeau ». Cependant, ce qui est moins compris, c'est la mesure dans laquelle l'identité ethnique et la proximité du conflit ont un lien avec les attitudes envers l’État de résidence et l'opposant durant ce ralliement. De plus, les individus peuvent ressentir une pression les poussant à répondre patriotiquement lorsqu'ils sont interrogés sur le conflit, particulièrement les individus qui partagent l'identité ethnique de la majorité de la population de l'opposant étranger, ce qui mène à des mesures d'opinion biaisées. Nous étudions ces dynamiques dans le contexte du conflit continu entre l'Ukraine et la Russie en comparant les réponses d'individus qui s'identifient d'eux-mêmes ethniquement en tant que Russes ou qu'Ukrainiens dans quatre villes d'Ukraine. Nous utilisons un test d'association implicite mené en laboratoire et une enquête sur 600 participants pour examiner si les préjugés implicites des participants, des préférences réflexives difficiles à manipuler, correspondent à leurs préférences explicitement déclarées envers l'Ukraine ou la Russie. Nous avons constaté qu'en moyenne, les Ukrainiens et Russes ethniques vivant en Ukraine étaient explicitement et implicitement pro-Ukraine, bien que nous ayons observé des niveaux de préférences pro-Ukraine légèrement inférieurs chez les Russes ethniques. Nous avons également découvert que 70 percent des personnes qui étaient implicitement pro-Russie étaient explicitement neutres ou pro-Ukraine, ce qui met en évidence le besoin d’étudier les associations implicites dans les environnements sensibles.


2015 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Snagowski ◽  
Elisa Wegmann ◽  
Jaro Pekal ◽  
Christian Laier ◽  
Matthias Brand

Games ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Daniel Lee

Implicit associations and biases are carried without awareness or conscious direction, yet there is reason to believe they may be influenced by social pressures. In this paper, I study social pressure as a motive to give, as well as giving itself under conditions of implicit bias. In doing so, I pair the Implicit Association Test (IAT), commonplace in other social sciences, with a laboratory dictator game with sorting. I find that despite its popularity, the IAT does not predict dictator giving and social pressure does not explain acts of giving from biased dictators. These results are indicative of the meaningful difference between having an implicit bias and acting on one. As such, results can be thought of as a bound on the external validity of the IAT.


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