The article analyzes the problems of the interaction of the mineral resource sector (MRS) and the knowledge economy. The most important trends in the development of the modern global MRS are the formation of innovatively-oriented resource regimes, the unity of the processes of generation and transfer of new knowledge. As a result, there is a high level of flexibility of the solutions developed and implemented, a significant reduction in costs in the value chain in the MRS: from development to the use of mineral resources. The existing innovative system in Russian MRS orientates companies, first of all, to the application of previously tested (mainly abroad) technologies and approaches. Resource companies invest relatively small funds in R&D, in the creation of innovations and new scientific and technological solutions. To solve the problems of embedding the knowledge economy in the MRS, it is necessary to create a model of interaction between participants in the processes of development, production and use of mineral resources that is adequate to modern challenges. The leading role should be played by the resource regime, which determines a wide range of conditions - from subsoil use to the development of scientific and technical potential in the MRS.