Simulation model for the coordination of environmental and economic interests

The purpose of the work is to develop a simulation model that could be used as the basis for a practical methodology for forming a ‘green’ program for the development of mining industry. For this purpose, the Stackelberg model and the apparatus of two-level mathematical programming are used and thus take into account the peculiarities of the hierarchy of interaction between the state and the private investor in the mineral resource sector. The obtained data make it possible to determine the quantitative parameters of expenditures of public financial resources, at which the target function of the state reaches its maximum. It is concluded that the strategy of choosing higher operating costs and, as a result, lower postproject environmental losses is preferable for both the state and the investor.

The Foreign Direct Investment Job Multiplier During a Resource Boom: Evidence from Mongolia

This paper explores a particular job creation channel during a resource boom, using Mongolia as a case study. Resource booms can lead to impressive growth rates in resource-rich developing countries. The paper examines the link between resource booms triggered by new resource projects and FDI inflows into the non-resource sector on one hand, and FDI and job creation on the other. Its analysis focuses explicitly on the non-resource sector, where the positive economic effects of FDI are more pronounced than in the extractive sector.

Trade and Resource Sustainability with Asset Markets

Trade changes incentives to protect an open-access natural resource independently of its effect on the resource price. General equilibrium linkages cause resource policy to affect the price of privately owned assets regardless of whether they are used in the resource sector. In the closed economy, the asset market in our overlapping generations setting creates incentives for currently living agents to protect the natural resource. The interplay of the asset market and general equilibrium effects causes trade to reverse these incentives. Trade liberalization and the establishment of formal property rights are policy complements: the former makes the latter more important.

Decoupling Energy, Water, and Food Resources Production from GHG Emissions: A Footprint Perspective Review of Africa from 1990 to 2017

Decoupling energy, water, and food (EWF) consumption and production from GHG emissions could be an important strategy for achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), and SDG 7 (Clean and Affordable Energy) in Africa. This study applies Tapio’s decoupling method to analyze the relationship between GHG emissions and EWF resources use in 15 African countries over the period 1990–2017. The results show a remarkable relationship, which includes the contamination of EWF by GHG emissions, that mostly exhibits unsatisfactory decoupling state to satisfactory decoupling over a period of several years. The decoupling of water and energy resources from GHG emissions in most countries of Africa has not been able to reach an excellent decoupling state or a strong positive decoupling state. This requires countries in Africa to support environmentally friendly water and energy infrastructures and to promote an integrated, mutually managed, whole resource interaction system. The study also highlights the importance of tracking sources of GHG emissions, whether within individual resource sector activities or across resources to each other.

EXTRACTION MECHANIZATION OF SOFT SOILS

The state economic development is largely determined by the effectiveness of its individual structural elements. Among them, a special place is occupied by trends in the mineral sector, which dictates the requirements and mechanisms for the development of natural resources, creating the basis for a national strategy. However in this area there are a number of unsolved problems, which include: a low level of rational use of machine-technological mining systems from under the water with minimal man-made impact. The authors consider existing and alternative extraction methods of peat raw materials. The tasks facing the mineral resource sector can be solved through technological priority developments of aggregated extraction complexes for the peat raw materials and the equipment modernization for mining complexes. The analysis is carried out and recommendations are made for the working equipment modernization of the aggregated mining complex. Variants of the excavator excavation bucket for the extraction of peat raw materials from under water have been proposed. The results of studies on primary dehydration, combining mining and dewatering cycles in a bucket, are presented; the work gives the recommendations on the bucket use and the expediency of operating the mining machine's extraction body when extracting peat raw materials.

Housing Markets and Resource Sector Fluctuations: A Cross-Border Comparative Analysis

Recent research has sought to better understand resource and housing market cycles longitudinally and define clear phases in order to understand interactions between the two over time. This is a necessary step forward in housing market knowledge for this under researched area, particularly in an economically unique context. This paper expands knowledge by undertaking a comparative study of town housing markets in Queensland’s coal mining Bowen Basin and Sweden’s northern municipalities—specifically Gallivare and Kiruna—where a long history of iron ore mining exists. This paper analyses these housing markets using longitudinal data spanning two decades, which includes two resources cycles in two geographically disparate locations. The results indicate that the housing market in Queensland, Australia, is far more volatile than the housing market in the Swedish municipalities. The regional housing market in Sweden’s municipalities tend to be less dependent on resource price and output from mines than their Australian counterparts. Part of the explanation for this is that the Swedish towns examined are less of the traditional mining town known from previous studies, and more a town with mining. Developing and improving understanding of markets over the duration of a cycle is important. Particular value is apparent in the comparison and contrasting of two separate resource regions encompassing resource reliant communities in two different countries. Importantly, the linkage of research regions through resource relationships leads to groundbreaking research which will have practical benefit to multiple economies, housing markets and for policy-makers alike.

Iceland’s Economic Growth Prospects in the Post-Covid-19 Period

Due to the global coronavirus pandemic Iceland is facing the largest economic crisis for half a century. But after the pandemic is over, the economy is expected to quickly recover and continue its further growth. In this article, the author intends to explore how well these expectations are justified and which industry sectors could contribute to Iceland’s economic growth. The analysis shows that the country’s current key export sectors (tourism, seafood production and aluminum industry) have a limited growth potential, mainly related to the ongoing development of aquaculture. The paper also considers key economic projects, linked to utilization of Iceland’s resource and innovative potential. The abundance of cheap renewable energy enables the country to develop new energy-intensive projects (silicon smelters and data centers), as well as to consider the possibility to directly transmit electricity to the UK (project IceLink). These initiatives could significantly contribute to the future economic growth, although the Icelandic energy industry is not limitless. However, the biggest economic growth is expected in innovative industry sectors. A number of projects in bioengineering, biomedicine, pharmacology, and high-tech equipment production have been started in Iceland. In the longterm perspective, their potential profits could exceed the ones of the resource sector of the country’s economy.

The Political Economy of the Resource Curse: A Development Perspective

This article reviews the recent literature on the developmental effects of resource abundance, assessing likely effects and channels with respect to key development outcomes. To date, this area has received less analysis, although it is relevant to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals agenda, as a significant number of the world's poor live in African resource-rich economies. We argue that the presence of a natural resource sector per se does not necessarily translate into worse development outcomes. The natural resource experience varies to a significant extent. Countries with similar levels of resource rents can end up with significantly different achievements in terms of income inequality, poverty, education, and health. The challenge is to explain the different natural resource experiences. A pivotal mechanism behind the developmental effects of the natural resources sector is the type of states and political institutions that resource-abundant economies develop. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

"A Temporary Symbol of a Canadian Dream in the Making": Resource Extraction and Gender-Based Violence Against Indigenous Women

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the gendered implications of Canada’s resource extraction industry. To further explore this dynamic, this paper will look at how Indigenous women and girls are impacted by primarily three labour practices adopted by the resource sector: establishing “man camps”, creating demanding work environments, and providing excess levels of income. These labour conditions imposed by resource companies have created a culture within the sector known as “rigger culture” that is marked by sexist, aggressive rhetoric and a partying attitude that encourages the consumption of drugs and alcohol. This rigger culture has successfully reinforced historical patterns of colonial relations, and disproportionately exposes Indigenous women to various forms of gender-based violence. Men within the resource sector are engaging in harmful behaviour that exacerbates existing political, social, and economic disadvantages. The paper then concludes with policy recommendations aimed at addressing the root cause of violence against women in the industry and neighbouring resource regions.