Research Methods and Methodologies Used in Studies on Social Accounting

Accounting as a social science considers an objective and subjective reality that must be seen and understood under the institutional context where it is developed. Thus, this chapter discusses the roles and effects of the paradigms in accounting research, in general, and social accounting research, in particular, aiming to know and understand the research lines that better define a theoretical scope of analysis for the social accounting practice. This research tries to better fit the answers to some questions about social accounting. The results argue for the importance of keeping a theoretical paradigm alive in order to foster multidimensional openness and true scholarship in accounting research and application. A multi-disciplinary appreciation with different perspectives will enrich the research in social accounting.

The hidden history of Benjamin Montgomery: Slave, manager, and accountant

Little is known about the contributions of African-American slaves in the histories of various business domains, including accounting. Some authors attribute this scholarly silence to ideological motives due to race-ethnicity and bigotry. Others note that this paucity reflects not only a lack of data but also an inability to adequately approach the contributions of minorities to the accounting profession. Consequently, there are hidden voices in accounting history that should be explored. One of those voices belongs to Benjamin Thornton Montgomery, a Southern slave who became a plantation manager and owner. Observing Montgomery’s practices through the unique historical lens of the ante-bellum period of the United States, we argue that he should also be acknowledged for his responsibilities as an accountant. Accordingly, we use an analytically structured narrative process to examine the compelling case of Ben Montgomery to inform a more accurate and balanced historical foundation of accounting practice in America.

A practical model to implementing IFRS in the national accounting system: The case of Azerbaijan

The purpose of this article is to develop a methodological approach to substantiating the effective consolidation model of national accounting standards (NAS) with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for Azerbaijan. Using the questionnaire method, the advantages, and obstructions of IFRS implementation in Azerbaijan have been assessed, depending on the practicing models of consolidation of NAS and IFRS. Using fuzzy sets made it possible to determine the levels of development of advantages and obstructions associated with the introduction of IFRS into national accounting practice in Azerbaijan. We determined the most effective model of consolidation of NAS and IFRS for the enterprises of Azerbaijan. The effectiveness of implementing models for the consolidation of NAS and IFRS has been assessed to provide a balance between advantages and destructive factors in the implementation of IFRS.

Federal Accounting Standard (FSBU) 5/2019 – Inventories: An investigation of commodity operations during forensic auditing

Subject. This article focuses on accounting expertise that holds a unique position in the system of effective economic crimes and infringement prevention. Objectives. The article aims to identify the impact of the new Federal Accounting Standard (FSBU) 5/2019 – Inventories on the procedure for conducting a forensic accounting examination of commodity transactions in trade. Methods. For the study, we used a comparative analysis, systematization, induction and deduction. Results. Based on the research results, the article proposes a definition of the subject of forensic accounting examination of commodity transactions, and it reveals that the introduction of FSBU 5/2019 – Inventories into accounting practice contributed to the emergence of such examination objects as the fair value of goods and their impairment. The article also proposes to use in the activities of a forensic expert accountant the author-developed algorithms for conducting expert examinations. Conclusions and Relevance. The implementation of FSBU 5/2019 introduces new objects of forensic accounting examination of commodity transactions in trade, so the proposed algorithms for expert examination will contribute to optimizing the activities of the forensic expert accountant. The results of the study can be applied both in the theory and practice of forensic economic expertise.

Determinants of Financial Disclosure

The article examines the issues of the dependence of the composition of the accounting (financial) reporting forms, prepared based on the results of the accounting process, on the theoretical views prevailing in scientific circles and in society as a whole. The author analyzes the main provisions of Western liberalism, conservatism, Western European social democracy and draws corresponding parallels, reveals the relationship with those elements that make up financial statements. According to the results of the study, the author claims that the domestic professional community is on the verge of another wave of reforming accounting knowledge and accounting practice.

PKM UJI KOMPETENSI BIDANG KEAHLIAN AKUNTANSI DI SMK NEGERI 1 PEMATANGSIANTAR

ABSTRAKSMK Negeri 1 Pematangsiantar meminta kepada Universitas Simalungun dalam hal ini adalah Fakultas Ekonomi untuk melaksanakan uji kompetensi kepada siswa-siswi yang duduk di kelas XII. Uji Kompetensi sebagai salah satu syarat kelulusan bagi siswa/siswi. Uji Kompetensi Keahliaan bagi siswa siswi bertujuan a) mengukur pencapaian kompetensi siswa SMK b) memfasilitasi siswa/siswi mendapatkan sertifikat uji kompetensi c) mengoptimalkan pelaksanaan sertifikasi kompetensi siswa/siswi SMK sesuai Kerangka Nasional Indonesia d) memfasilitasi SMK bekerjasama dengan dunia usaha/industri sesuai kebutuhan dunia usaha dan dunia industri. Uji Kompetensi Keahlian dilaksanakan selama 4 hari yaitu tanggal 5 April 2021 sampai dengan 8 April 2021. Uji kompetensi ini tidak hanya oleh dunia Universitas tetapi juga melibatkan dunia usaha yaitu pada saat pelaksaan ujian wawancara. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh pada saat pelaksanaan, Tim Pengabdi dari Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Simalungun, Tim dari dunia usaha dan Tim dari SMK Negeri 1 Pematangsiantar menyatakan semua peserta dinyatakan lulus. Evaluasi atas proses pelaksanaan kegiatan dilakukan dengan memberikan angket kepada siswa/siswi peserta uji kompetensi. Dan hasil yang didapat 25% memberikan jawaban sangat baik, 60% memberikan jawaban baik dan 15% memberikan jawaban cukup. Sehingga ke depan pelaksanaan ujian kompetensi dilakukan perbaikan sebagaimana saran dari siswa agar ketika ujian praktek akuntansi sudah masing - masing siswa menggunakan Komputer Kata kunci: uji kompetensi; SMK; Siswa; akuntansi ABSTRACTSMK Negeri 1 Pematangsiantar asked Simalungun University in this case the Faculty of Economics to carry out a competency test for students sitting in class XII. Competency Test as one of the graduation requirements for students. The Skills Competency Test for students aims to a) measure the competency attainment of vocational students b) facilitate students to obtain competency test certificates c) optimize the implementation of competency certification for vocational students according to the Indonesian National Framework d) facilitate vocational schools in collaboration with the business/industry world as needed business and industry. The Skills Competency Test is held for 4 days, from April 5, 2021 to April 8, 2021. This competency test is not only carried out by the university world (higher education) but also involves the business world, namely during the interview exam. Based on the results obtained during the implementation, the Service Team from the Faculty of Economics, Simalungun University, the team from the business world and the team from SMK Negeri 1 Pematangsiantar stated that all participants had passed. Evaluation of the process of implementing the activities is carried out by giving questionnaires to students participating in the competency test. And the results obtained 25% gave very good answers, 60% gave good answers and 15% gave sufficient answers. So that in the future the implementation of the competency exam will be improved as suggested by students so that when the accounting practice exam each student uses a computer Keywords: competence test; SMK; student; accountancy

Etika Dalam Praktik Akuntansi Keuangan

ABSTRACT HERMANTO. Ethics in Financial Accounting Practices. This study aims to examine the theoretical study of ethics in financial accounting practice. The data used in this study is qualitative data about ethical violations in financial accounting practices that occurred at PT Tiga Pilar Sejahtera Food Tbk. From this data, a theoretical study was carried out with qualitative research methods for the theory applied or not by the entity. The results of this study indicate that PT Tiga Pilar Sejahtera Food Tbk committed ethical violations in the practice of financial accounting in the presentation of its financial statements. Keywords: Ethics, financial statements, financial accounting.

“Unreliable Accounts: How Regulators Fabricate Conceptual Narratives to Diffuse Criticism” by Karthik Ramanna: A Comment on Ideological Capture

Karthik Ramanna in ‘Unreliable accounts: How regulators fabricate conceptual narratives to diffuse criticism’ considers how the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) justified a conjunctural break from historic cost accounting (HCA) to Fair Value Accounting (FVA). Karthik’s paper explores how the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) legitimized the introduction of fair value accounting (FVA). This fundamental reorientation of financial reporting practice can, he argues, be understood within a framing device: conceptual veiling. Firstly, the FASB is (suspected to be) captured by the interests of investors and capital market actors. Secondly, the FASB needed to construct new narratives to enable this reorientation in accounting practice and this was achieved with changes to the governing conceptual framework. An alternative framing device is offered in this review, that of the financialization of company financial reporting and implications for company viability as opposed to a capital market efficiency perspective. Financialized accounting facilitates the valuation of a range of asset classes to a market value. These asset valuations are speculative in nature. FVA accounting imports speculative capital market risk onto company balance sheets and this can threaten company financial stability and viability for a going concern.

The role of social assistance program on management accounting practice

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to determine the procurement of social assistance program on management accounting practice of MSMEs in food industry sector in Semarang during the Covid-19 pandemic.Method - The population in this study was 17,602 MSMEs in Semarang. The research samples were 144 MSMEs in the food industry sector in Semarang obtained using a non-random sampling technique with a purposive sampling method. The data were then processed using descriptive analysis, data quality test, classic assumption test, simple regression analysis, and hypothesis test with IBM SPSS 25 software.Result - The results show that procurement of social assistance program affected management accounting practice of MSMEs in the food industry sector in Semarang during the Covid-19 pandemic.Implication - The results show that with the support provided by the government and financial institutions in the form of social assistance programs to MSMEs had positive impacts by encouraging MSMEs to implement management accounting practices during the covid-19 pandemic.Originality - Procurement of Social Assistance Program is an independent variable which is later expected to be able to overcome MSME problems due to the financing faced by MSMEs in Semarang in response to the impact of Covid-19 pandemic.

Income Taxes: Objective Values or Subjective Values as They Result from Financial Statements that Contain Subjective Data or Values Determined Subjectively by Financial Reporting Preparers?

Research on more than 1500 Italian companies from 2016 to 2019 shows that the inclusion of tax values in financial reporting without any economic content is a widespread accounting practice. Tax interferences in financial reporting have various motivations and prove consequences both inside and outside the company. In the following pages, we will illustrate the results of the analysis carried out, the motivations leading to the incorrect accounting behaviour of the implementation of tax interferences and the consequences resulting from this widespread practice. It should be noted that tax interference causes problems both inside and outside the company. Such tax contamination of financial reporting affects the rights of third parties outside the company, and creates the conditions for challenges to financial reporting due to invalidity of the document. It also creates a basis for incorrect accounting data that can lead to wrong decisions by management.