scholarly journals Differences across countries and time in household expenditure patterns: implications for the estimation of equivalence scales

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 734-757
Author(s):  
Angela Daley ◽  
Thesia Garner ◽  
Shelley Phipps ◽  
Eva Sierminska
Keyword(s):  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Equivalence Scales ◽  
Expenditure Patterns

scholarly journals Retrospectives: Engel Curves

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Chai ◽  
Alessio Moneta
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Engel Curves ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Welfare Implications

Engel curves describe how household expenditure on particular goods or services depends on household income. German statistician Ernst Engel (1821–1896) was the first to investigate this relationship systematically in an article published about 150 years ago. The best-known single result from the article is “Engel's law,” which states that the poorer a family is, the larger the budget share it spends on nourishment. We revisit Engel's article, including its context and the mechanics of the argument. Because the article was completed a few decades before linear regression techniques were established and income effects were incorporated into standard consumer theory, Engel was forced to develop his own approach to analyzing household expenditure patterns. We find his work contains some interesting features in juxtaposition to both the modern and classical literature. For example, Engel's way of estimating the expenditure–income relationship resembles a data-fitting technique called the “regressogram” that is nonparametric—in that no functional form is specified before the estimation. Moreover, Engel introduced a way of categorizing household expenditures in which expenditures on commodities that served the same purpose by satisfying the same underlying “want” were grouped together. This procedure enabled Engel to discuss the welfare implications of his results in terms of the Smithian notion that individual welfare is related to the satisfaction of wants. At the same time, he avoided making a priori assumptions about which specific goods were necessities, assumptions which were made by many classical economists like Adam Smith. Finally, we offer a few thoughts about some modern literature that builds on Engel's research.

Household Expenditure Patterns and Gender Bias: Evidence from Selected Indian States

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Lancaster ◽  
Pushkar Maitra ◽  
Ranjan Ray
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals DINAMIKA USAHA, PENDAPATAN DAN POLA PENGELUARAN KONSUMSI PETAMBAK GARAM DI DESA PINGGIRPAPAS, KECAMATAN KALIANGET, KABUPATEN SUMENEP

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Azizi ◽  
Manadiyanto Manadiyanto ◽  
Sonny Koeshendrajana
Keyword(s):  
Junior High School ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Expenditure Patterns ◽  
Salt Production ◽  
Business Income ◽  
Status Level ◽  
Expenditure Pattern

Usaha garam berperan penting dalam pendapatan rumah tangga. Usaha garam tersebut mengalami fluktuasi dari tahun ke tahun, berakibat terhadap pendapatan dan pengeluaran rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji karakteristik sosial ekonomi dan dinamika usaha tambak garam, tingkat pendapatan dan pengeluaran dari berbagai sumber mata pencaharian. Metode survey digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sebanyak 32 sampel responden diambil secara acak dan dimonitor secara periodik. Data primer dan sekunder digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik responden, tingkat pendapatan dan pola pengeluaran rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 46,87% responden usaha petambak garam berpendidikan setingkat SLTP dengan kisaran pengalaman usaha 10 sampai 20 tahun. Tanggungan keluarga petambak garam berkisar antara 3- 6 orang. Kepemilikan lahan tambak garam 70,60% milik sendiri dan sisanya sebagai penggarap. Pendapatan zpetambak garam pada tahun 2007 adalah Rp. 31.900.000 dan pendapatan pada tahun 2008 mengalami kenaikan menjadi Rp. 46.700.000, sedangkan tingkat pendapatan pada tahun 2009 petambak garam mengalami penurunan sekitar Rp.5.950.000 sehingga menjadi sebesar Rp. 40.750.000. Sumber pendapatan petambak garam yang hanya mengandalkan dari usaha garam, 53,13% patambak garam yang sumber pendapatannya dari garam dan perikanan adalah 28,12%, sedangkan petambak garam yang mata pencahariannya lebih dari dua adalah hanya 12,50%. Pengeluaran untuk konsumsi rumah tangga pada tahun 2008 adalah sebesar Rp.15.444.000/tahun sedangkan pada tahun 2009 mengalamikenaikan menjadi Rp. 19.624.000. Tittle: Dynamics of Business, income and expenditure patterns of Salt Farmers in Pinggirpapas Village, Kalianget of the Regency of Sumenep.Salts production business plays an important role in the household income. This type of business is continued to fluctuate from year to year. This situation affect on household’ revenue and expenditure. This research was aimed to analyse social and economic characteristics and dynamics of salt production business, level of income from various source of livelihood, and expenditure pattern of salt farmer household. A survey method was used in this study. Thirdty-two (32) respondent were randomly selected and monitored periodically. Primary and secondary data were collected. Data covered characteristic of respondents, business status, level of income and source and expenditure pattern of selected households. Results of the study illuetrated that educational level of salt farmer was mostly a junior high school (46.87%), while business experiences range from 10 to 20 years. Family size was relative large(3-6 person/household). 70.60% of respondents are owner, while the remaining ones are tenants. In 2007, salt farmer’s income was IDR 31.9 million, while in 2008 the income was increase to be IDR 46.7 million, then it was decreased by 5.95 million to become IDR 40.75 million. Salt farmer household who depended mainly on salt production business was 53.13%, while who depended on both salt business and fisheries and more than two source of income were 28.12% and 12.50%, respectively. In 2008, household expenditure of salt farmer was IDR 15.4 million, then it increased sharply to be IDR 19.6 million.

Energy and Household Expenditure Patterns

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Lareau ◽  
Joel Darmstadter
Keyword(s):  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Expenditure Patterns
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