An Empirical Analysis of Income Elasticity of Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditure in Mauritius

A free universal healthcare provision exists in Mauritius. Yet the share of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure out of total household expenditure has been growing over time. This study estimates income elasticity of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure using Mauritian household data within an Engel curve framework. In the absence of longitudinal data on out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure patterns, the study proposes the application of the pseudo-panel approach using cross-sectional Household Budget Survey waves from 1996/97 to 2017. Income elasticity of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure is estimated to be 0.938, which is just below unity. This implies that out-of-pocket healthcare demand is not considered to be a luxury, but a necessity in Mauritius. In order to see the differences in income elasticities by income groups, separate regressions are estimated for each income quartile over different years. The results indicate that income elasticities of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure vary non-monotonically.

How do prosperity and aspiration underlie leisure tourism expenditure patterns?

This research advances the current knowledge of tourism expenditure by adapting a new analytical approach to understand expenditure differentials along their conditional distributions, based on multiple segmentation criteria. Using data from survey and secondary sources, we approximate tourists’ required utilities via prosperity at their countries of residence, a macro-level criterion, and individual-travel aspirations, a micro-level criterion. Subsequently, expenditure differentials between more and less prosperous/aspired tourists are decomposed into two components. First, group differences in expenditure covariates that represent tourists’ relative consumption behaviors and, second, differences in the estimated returns to those covariates, measuring potential third-degree price discrimination. Our results guide policy makers in the tourism industry to develop pricing strategies capable of generating mark-ups within all viable segmentations.

Medicare Costs by Disability and Community-Dwelling Status

Understanding population-level Medicare expenditure patterns for older adults with functional disability is critical to focus supports to reduce costly and potentially burdensome health care use. We used the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) to assess quarterly Medicare expenditures over the 12 months following NHATS interview. We examine Medicare expenditure patterns for older adults in nursing homes (N=386), in the community and without disability (N=20,103), with disability and dementia (N=2,008), and with disability but not dementia (N=2,945). One-year mortality ranged from 2.0% for those without disability in the community to 25.9% for those residing in nursing homes. Among those surviving 1 year, Medicare expenditures the first quarter after NHATS survey ranged from $1,794 (95% CI $1,690-$1,898) for those with no disability to $5,177 (95% CI $4,535-$5,818) for those with disability and dementia. We assess trends over the following two years, and find that trajectories vary by clinical grouping.

Dynamics of nutritional food consumption and expenditure patterns of Central Java population as welfare indicators to achieve sustainable development goals

This study aims to determine Central Java population welfare dynamics by looking at the pattern of expenditure and the nutritional and food consumption level. The data used is data on the expenditure and consumption of the Central Java population in 2016–2020. The data analysis method used is descriptive analytical. The study of expenditure patterns shows that during the period 2016–2020, the Central Java population welfare is increasing. Still, the population of rural areas is less prosperous than the population of urban areas. The welfare increase is also shown by decreasing the cereals group consumption. The analysis of the nutritional consumption level indicates that the energy and protein consumption level tend to increase during 2016–2020. The level of energy consumption is categorized as sufficient, and protein consumption level is categorized as good. In rural areas, energy consumption and energy consumption are higher than in urban areas; conversely, protein consumption and protein consumption in urban areas are higher than in rural areas.

1396Trends in household food expenditure patterns by ethnic and income group in New Zealand

Background Dietary factors are one of the most important risk factors for health loss worldwide, however there is very limited information on dietary trends in New Zealand (NZ) and whether inequities in dietary patterns are changing. Methods We employed a validated economic dataset, the Household Economic Survey (HES), which was designed to provide information on impacts of policy-making in NZ. Three HES waves in 2006/07, 2009/10 and 2012/13 (n = 9030) were used to examine the trends in household expenditure for key food groups by income-level and ethnicity. Results Overall, food expenditure per capita increased by 1% annually. In absolute terms, low-income households spent around half that of high-income households on food, but with no relative differences out of the total food expenditure or income. Māori households (Indigenous population) tended to spend less money compared to the other households, both in absolute and relative terms (ie, on healthy food including fruit and vegetables, and nuts and seeds, but with relatively more expenditure on processed meats). Similar food expenditure patterns by income-level and ethnicity persisted over time. Conclusions HES data were useful for understanding trends in food expenditure patterns, in the absence of nutrition survey data, but limitations remain. Assuming food consumption is highly correlated to expenditure, diet inequities do not seem to have improved during this recent time period. Key messages Public policies that aim to support healthy diets for all might need to involve changes to the food environment and involve government support for culturally appropriate Māori-led interventions.

An Exploration of Nonresident Student Enrollment and Institutional Finances at Public Universities

Many public universities have sought to increase the number of students they enroll from other states, with the assumption that a larger share of nonresident students increases institutional revenues and prestige. In this paper, I examine the extent to which out-of-state undergraduate student enrollment shares are associated with changes in per-student revenue and expenditure patterns at four-year public universities both as a whole and by selectivity and Carnegie classification. I find that an increase in the percentage of students from out of state is associated with decreases in per-student tuition revenue and is often associated with a decline in per-student expenditures.

Analysis of India's Rural Development Budgetary Implementations

Government expenditure patterns have changed tremendously over the last few years, especially in developing countries like India. Many studies found a positive relationship between government spending and rural development and poverty reduction and thereby economic growth. For a country like India, whose proportion of the rural population is about 70 per cent, governments' efforts in the form of its expenditure toward rural development are vital. It is also essential to analyze the relative contribution of various expenditures to rural development and reduce the poverty of rural people. The purpose of this paper is to review and analyze the head-wise budgetary and actual expenditure on the various centrally sponsored scheme for rural development of India.

Expenditure Patterns of Foreign Resident Visitors and Foreign Tourist Visitors at a Day-Trip Nature-Based Destination

In this study, we examined the difference in expenditure patterns between foreign resident visitors and foreign tourist visitors at a nature-based destination. We also examined the effects of sociodemographic profiles, travel characteristics, and perceived importance on expenditure patterns during off-peak and peak seasons. Generally, the results revealed low average daily expenditure compared with other nature-based destinations. Whereas no differences were observed during the off-peak season, the sociodemographic characteristics, travel characteristics, perceived importance, and expenditure pattern differed between foreign resident and foreign tourist visitors during the peak season. These results suggest that patterns of expenditure and perceived importance of foreign visitors are influenced by the seasonality of a nature-based destination. On the other hand, foreign resident visitors and foreign tourist visitors differ in their characteristics, perceived importance of destination attributes, and expenditure patterns, particularly during the peak season. Longer periods of residence in the host country might result in foreign resident visitors becoming local visitors. Our findings contribute to practical knowledge of the segmentation of foreign visitors at nature-based destinations.

Peran Pengusaha Perempuan UMKM dan Pola Pengeluaran Rumah Tangga pada Situasi Bencana Covid-19

Women as assets of Indonesia's human resources have a crucial role in disaster management. This research is descriptive using a qualitative approach that photograph the adjustment of women's activities based on their role in the current Covid disaster. The research findings shows the informant’s perception that Covid-19 is a disaster, and they are worried, so they try to prevent themselves and their family members from being infected by implementing health protocols. They also provide nutritious food and vitamins as well as a variety of food/drink ingredients that are believed to ward off Covid. Increasing domestic role activities are child care and education. Meanwhile, the public role of economy has undergone adjustments, such as working from home, losing customers or jobs. To be able to survive, adjustments to household expenditure patterns were carried out, namely: increasing the cost of kitchen expenditures, and increase in electricity costs and telephone pulses as the implication of all family members are WFH/SFH online. Reduced expenses: spending on clothes / shoes / bags, cosmetics, and recreation. The social role of the public in this Covid situation is to participate in distributing food to the poor.