The Role of Injection Cues in the Associative Control of the US Pre-Exposure Effect in Flavour Aversion Learning

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (3b) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel de Brugada ◽  
Felisa González ◽  
Antonio Cándido
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Aversion Learning ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
The Us ◽  
Exposure Stage ◽  
Effect Experiment ◽  
Blocking Analysis

Two experiments, using rats as subjects, examined the role of contextual cues in producing the unconditioned stimulus (US) pre-exposure effect in conditioned taste aversion. Experiment 1 showed a significant US pre-exposure effect, when the pre-exposure was conducted in a familiar context, and that a change of context between the pre-exposure and conditioning phases did not attenuate this effect. Experiment 2 demonstrated that extinction of injection-related cues after the pre-exposure stage attenuated the US pre-exposure effect, when the pre-exposure was conducted in either a familiar or a novel context. Taken together, these results support the associative explanation of the US pre-exposure effect in terms of blocking, incorporating a role for injection-related cues in the context blocking analysis of the US pre-exposure effect.

Effect of Low Body Temperature on Associative Interference in Conditioned Taste Aversion

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 913-919
Author(s):  
John P. Christianson ◽  
James R. Misanin ◽  
Mathew J. Anderson ◽  
Charles F. Hinderliter
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conditioned Stimuli ◽  
Associative Interference ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Timing Mechanisms ◽  
The Us

When two novel conditioned stimuli precede an unconditioned stimulus (US), the interval between the two conditioned stimuli (CS1 and CS2) influences the magnitude of the CS-US associability of each CS. As the interval between CS1 and CS2 increases, the associability of CS1 with the US decreases due to interference by CS2 and the associability of CS2 increases, given its temporal proximity to the US. Because hypothermia has been reported to increase the interval at which conditioned taste aversions can be formed, its influence was examined on the above relationship, i.e., how interference from CS2 affects the associability of CS1 with the US. Rats received a conditioned taste aversion procedure where CS1 and CS2 were presented either one after the other or separated by an 80-min. delay. For all subjects, the US or pseudo-US was presented immediately after CS2. When hypothermia was interpolated between the two flavor stimuli that were spaced 80 min. apart, CS2-interference with the CS1-US association was greatly attenuated. We propose that hypothermia modifies internal timing mechanisms such that the externally timed 80-min. CS1-CS2 interval was perceived as much shorter for rats made hypothermic. As a result of this perceived shortened inter-CS interval, CS2 produced less interference for the CS1-US association than would be expected for such a relatively long delay between CS1 and CS2.

Ring My Bell

2019 ◽  
pp. 303-315
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Special Form ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Classic Conditioning

This chapter considers the psychological mechanism known as evaluative conditioning. Evaluative conditioning is defined as a process whereby an emotion is evoked by a piece of music just because this stimulus has been paired, repeatedly, with other positive or negative stimuli, which are not necessarily logically connected to the music in any way. It is a special form of classic conditioning that involves the pairing of an initially neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with an affectively valenced, unconditioned stimulus (US). After the pairing, the CS acquires the ability to arouse the same affective state as the US in the perceiver. The remainder of the chapter discusses the characteristics of evaluative conditioning, the emotions that conditioning might arouse, and the role of conditioning in everyday life.

scholarly journals Conditioning Method Dramatically Alters the Role of Amygdala in Taste Aversion Learning

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 481-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn E. Schafe ◽  
Todd E. Thiele ◽  
Ilene L. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Aversion Learning ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Taste Aversion Learning ◽  
Response Component ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Amygdala Lesions

Although an important role for the amygdala in taste aversion learning has been suggested by work in a number of laboratories, results have been inconsistent and interpretations varied. The present series of studies reevaluated the role of the amygdala in taste aversion learning by examining the extent to which conditioning methods, testing methods and lesioning methods, influence whether amygdala lesions dramatically affect conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. Results indicated that when animals are conditioned with an intraoral (I/O) taste presentation, lesions of amygdala eliminate evidence of conditioning whether animals are tested intraorally or with a two-bottle solution presentation. Dramatic effects of amygdala lesions on CTA learning were seen whether lesions were made electrolytically or using an excitotoxin. In contrast, when animals were conditioned using bottle presentation of the taste, electrolytic lesions attenuated CTAs but did not eliminate them, and excitotoxic lesions had no effect. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that neural structures critical for CTA learning may differ depending on the extent to which the method of conditioned stimulus delivery incorporates a response component.

Role of the amygdala in conditioned taste aversion learning in the rat

1991 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Takashi Yamamoto ◽  
Tsuyoshi Shimura ◽  
Yoshiyuki Fujimoto ◽  
Wenzhong Bai
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Aversion Learning ◽  
Taste Aversion Learning

Concurrent Electrodermal and Eyeblink Conditioning With Masked and Unmasked Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
José Luis Marcos ◽  
Azahara Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Noise Burst ◽  
Conditioning Phase ◽  
Contingency Awareness ◽  
Blank Screen ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Fearful Face

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine if contingency awareness between the conditioned (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is necessary for concurrent electrodermal and eyeblink conditioning to masked stimuli. An angry woman’s face (CS+) and a fearful face (CS−) were presented for 23 milliseconds (ms) and followed by a neutral face as a mask. A 98 dB noise burst (US) was administered 477 ms after CS+ offset to elicit both electrodermal and eyeblink responses. For the unmasking conditioning a 176 ms blank screen was inserted between the CS and the mask. Contingency awareness was assessed using trial-by-trial ratings of US-expectancy in a post-conditioning phase. The results showed acquisition of differential electrodermal and eyeblink conditioning in aware, but not in unaware participants. Acquisition of differential eyeblink conditioning required more trials than electrodermal conditioning. These results provided strong evidence of the causal role of contingency awareness on differential eyeblink and electrodermal conditioning.

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