Concurrent Electrodermal and Eyeblink Conditioning With Masked and Unmasked Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
José Luis Marcos ◽  
Azahara Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Noise Burst ◽  
Conditioning Phase ◽  
Contingency Awareness ◽  
Blank Screen ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Fearful Face

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine if contingency awareness between the conditioned (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is necessary for concurrent electrodermal and eyeblink conditioning to masked stimuli. An angry woman’s face (CS+) and a fearful face (CS−) were presented for 23 milliseconds (ms) and followed by a neutral face as a mask. A 98 dB noise burst (US) was administered 477 ms after CS+ offset to elicit both electrodermal and eyeblink responses. For the unmasking conditioning a 176 ms blank screen was inserted between the CS and the mask. Contingency awareness was assessed using trial-by-trial ratings of US-expectancy in a post-conditioning phase. The results showed acquisition of differential electrodermal and eyeblink conditioning in aware, but not in unaware participants. Acquisition of differential eyeblink conditioning required more trials than electrodermal conditioning. These results provided strong evidence of the causal role of contingency awareness on differential eyeblink and electrodermal conditioning.

scholarly journals On the role of responses in Pavlovian acquisition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Ghirlanda ◽  
Magnus Enquist
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Key Pecking ◽  
Lever Pressing

A defining feature of Pavlovian conditioning is that the unconditioned stimulus (US) is delivered whether or not the animal performs a conditioned response (CR). This has lead to the question: Does CR performance play any role in learning? Between the 1930's and 1970's, a consensus emerged that CR acquisition is driven by CS-US experiences, and that CRs play a minimal role, if any. Here we revisit the question and present two new quantitative methods to evaluate whether CRs influence the course of learning. Our results suggest that CRs play an important role in Pavlovian acquisition, in such paradigms as rabbit eyeblink conditioning, pigeon autoshaped key pecking, and rat autoshaped lever pressing and magazine entry.

Prefrontal control of trace versus delay eyeblink conditioning: Role of the unconditioned stimulus in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 1033-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Oswald ◽  
Bryan Knuckley ◽  
Kathleen Mahan ◽  
Clara Sanders ◽  
D. A. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Eyeblink Conditioning

scholarly journals Influence of Various Temporal Recoding on Pavlovian Eyeblink Conditioning in The Cerebellum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Yoon Kim ◽  
Woochang Lim
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Learning Trial ◽  
Nucleus Neuron ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Eyelid Closure ◽  
Connection Probability

We consider the Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning (EBC) via repeated presentation of paired conditioned stimulus (tone) and unconditioned stimulus (airpuff). The influence of various temporal recoding of granule cells on the EBC is investigated in a cerebellar network where the connection probability pc from Golgi to granule cells is changed. In an optimal case of , individual granule cells show various well- and ill-matched firing patterns relative to the unconditioned stimulus. Then, these variously-recoded signals are fed into the Purkinje cells (PCs) through parallel-fibers (PFs), and the instructor climbing-fiber (CF) signals from the inferior olive depress them effectively. In the case of well-matched PF-PC synapses, their synaptic weights are strongly depressed through strong long-term depression (LTD). On the other hand, practically no LTD occurs for the ill-matched PF-PC synapses. This type of “effective” depression at the PF-PC synapses coordinates firings of PCs effectively, which then make effective inhibitory coordination on cerebellar nucleus neuron [which elicits conditioned response (CR; eyeblink)]. When the learning trial passes a threshold, acquisition of CR begins. In this case, the timing degree 𝒯d of CR becomes good due to presence of the ill-matched firing group which plays a role of protection barrier for the timing. With further increase in the trial, strength 𝒮 of CR (corresponding to the amplitude of eyelid closure) increases due to strong LTD in the well-matched firing group, while its timing degree 𝒯d decreases. In this way, the well- and the ill-matched firing groups play their own roles for the strength and the timing of CR, respectively. Thus, with increasing the learning trial, the (overall) learning efficiency degree ℒe (taking into consideration both timing and strength of CR) for the CR is increased, and eventually it becomes saturated. By changing pc from , we also investigate the influence of various temporal recoding on the EBC. It is thus found that, the more various in temporal recoding, the more effective in learning for the Pavlovian EBC.

scholarly journals The role of contingency awareness in single-cue human eyeblink conditioning

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 363-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Weidemann ◽  
E. Best ◽  
J. C. Lee ◽  
P. F. Lovibond
Keyword(s):  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Contingency Awareness

BLOCKADE OF THE SURGE OF PROLACTIN AT PRO-OESTRUS BY ADMINISTRATION OF ANTI-OESTROGENIC SUBSTANCE, MER-25

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yokoyama ◽  
Hiroshi Tomogane ◽  
Katuaki Ôta
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACT A non-steroidal oestrogen antagonist, MER-25, was administered to cycling rats for elucidating the role of oestrogen in the surge of prolactin observed on the afternoon of pro-oestrus (POe). In animals injected with 20 mg of MER-25 intramuscularly on the afternoon (16.30 h) of the first day of dioestrus (D-1), the surge of prolactin was blocked while the level of prolactin on the afternoon of POe of these animals was significantly higher than that of the corresponding controls injected with oil. Ovulation was also blocked in these animals treated with the drug on the afternoon of D-l. On the other hand, treatment on the morning (10.30 h) of the 2nd day of dioestrus failed to prevent not only the surge of prolactin but also ovulation. These observations provide strong evidence for the view that oestrogen is responsible for the surge of prolactin on the afternoon of POe, and that the surge is accompanied by that of LH.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Interneurons are Required for Trace Eyeblink Conditioning in Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Wei Zhang ◽  
Rong-Rong Li ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Jie Yan ◽  
Qian-Hui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eyeblink Conditioning ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Conditioned Eyeblink ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Sustained Activity ◽  
Early Acquisition ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Trace Eyeblink Conditioning

AbstractWhile the hippocampus has been implicated in supporting the association among time-separated events, the underlying cellular mechanisms have not been fully clarified. Here, we combined in vivo multi-channel recording and optogenetics to investigate the activity of hippocampal interneurons in freely-moving mice performing a trace eyeblink conditioning (tEBC) task. We found that the hippocampal interneurons exhibited conditioned stimulus (CS)-evoked sustained activity, which predicted the performance of conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs) in the early acquisition of the tEBC. Consistent with this, greater proportions of hippocampal pyramidal cells showed CS-evoked decreased activity in the early acquisition of the tEBC. Moreover, optogenetic suppression of the sustained activity in hippocampal interneurons severely impaired acquisition of the tEBC. In contrast, suppression of the sustained activity of hippocampal interneurons had no effect on the performance of well-learned CRs. Our findings highlight the role of hippocampal interneurons in the tEBC, and point to a potential cellular mechanism subserving associative learning.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition increases noise burst-induced unconditioned and context-conditioned freezing

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
S. Melker Hagsäter ◽  
Johan Thorén ◽  
Robert Pettersson ◽  
Elias Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Noise Burst ◽  
Selective Serotonin ◽  
Unconditioned Response ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Sprague Dawley

AbstractObjectiveWhereas long-term administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders, acute administration of these drugs may exert a paradoxical anxiogenic effect. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible effect of an SSRI in situations of unconditioned or limited conditioned fear.MethodsMale Sprague Dawley rats were administered a single dose of an SSRI, escitalopram, before acquisition or expression of context conditioned fear, where noise bursts were used as the unconditioned stimulus. Freezing was assessed as a measure of unconditioned fear (=the acute response to noise bursts) or conditioned fear (=the response to the context), respectively.ResultsNoise bursts elicited an acute increase in freezing but no robust conditioned response 7 days after exposure. Administration of escitalopram before testing exacerbated the freezing response during presentation of the unconditioned stimulus and also unmasked a conditioned response; in contrast, administration of escitalopram prior to acquisition did not influence the conditioned response.ConclusionThe data suggest that freezing in rats exposed to a stimulus inducing relatively mild fear may be enhanced by acute pretreatment with an SSRI regardless of whether the freezing displayed by the animals is an acute unconditioned response to the stimulus in question or a conditioned response to the same stimulus.

scholarly journals Some Regions within Broca's Area Do Respond More Strongly to Sentences than to Linguistically Degraded Stimuli: A Comment on Rogalsky and Hickok ()

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2632-2635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelina Fedorenko ◽  
Nancy Kanwisher
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Review Of The Literature

On the basis of their review of the literature, Rogalsky and Hickok [Rogalsky, C., & Hickok, G. The role of Broca's area in sentence comprehension. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 1664–1680, 2011] conclude that there is currently no strong evidence for the existence of “sentence-specific processing regions within Broca's area” (p. 1664). Their argument is based, in part, on the observation that many previous studies have failed to detect an effect in the left inferior frontal regions for contrasts between sentences and linguistically degraded control conditions (e.g., lists of unconnected words, lists of nonwords, or acoustically degraded sentence stimuli). Our data largely replicate this lack of activation in inferior frontal regions when traditional random-effects group analyses are conducted but crucially show robust activations in the same data for the same contrasts in almost every subject individually. Thus, it is the use of group analyses in studies of language processing, not the idea that sentences robustly activate frontal regions, that needs to be reconsidered. This reconsideration has important methodological and theoretical implications.

MELANIN PIGMENTATION IN BOVINE PINEAL GLAND AND ITS POSSIBLE CORRELATION WITH GONADAL FUNCTION

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Santamarina
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
Black Pigment ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Melanin Pigmentation ◽  
Degenerative Process ◽  
Aging Phenomenon ◽  
Bovine Pineal Gland

The incidence of melanin in the bovine pineal gland was studied in 880 glands. Spectrophotometric analysis and chemical and cytochemical methods identified the black pigment present in the bovine pineal gland as melanin. No melanin was found in bulls 4 and 5 years of age nor in heifers of about 18 months. In pregnant cows over 5 years of age melanin was found in 5.4% of the pineal glands. Non-pregnant cows of the same age exhibited melanin in 8.5% of the pineal glands. Castrated male cattle between 18 and 24 months of age showed 49.6% of the pineal glands with macroscopical signs of melanization. As much as 67% of the pineal glands of steers from some herds contained melanin. In intact cattle melanin in the pineal appears to be mainly an aging phenomenon. The fact that castration in male cattle causes hypertrophy of the pineal gland followed by a degenerative process in which melanin is involved seems to give strong evidence of a pineal gonadal interrelationship. The possible role of the hormones in the phenomenon of melanin formation is discussed.

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