Simulated malingering on binomial forced-choice digit memory test – using eye movements to understand faking cognition impairment process

The performance of individuals with severe psychiatric disturbance such as schizophrenia on tests designed to detect malingering of cognitive symptoms (e.g., Rey 15-Item Memory Test, RMT; Rey Dot Counting Test, RDC; Hiscock Forced-Choice, F-C, method) has not been formally investigated. Some malingerers feign cognitive impairment in the context of a pseudopsychotic presentation; thus, it is essential that we understand how actual psychotic individuals perform on these measures. In our sample of 30 schizophrenic patients, 13% failed the RMT, 13% failed the RDC, and 27% failed the F-C measure. The RMT performance appeared to be significantly affected by lowered educational level. In contrast, both RDC and F-C performances were related to presence of cognitive impairment, and the RDC was also significantly affected by increasing age. No test score was significantly related to psychiatric disturbance.

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Eye movements in forced-choice recognition: Absolute judgments can preclude relative judgments

Journal of Memory and Language ◽

10.1016/j.jml.2016.09.001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 93 ◽

pp. 55-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jeffrey J. Starns ◽

Tina Chen ◽

Adrian Staub

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Forced Choice

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Reading-Related Habitual Eye Movements Produce a Directional Anisotropy in the Perception of Speed and Animacy

Perception ◽

10.1068/p6058 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 37 (10) ◽

pp. 1609-1611 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul A Szego ◽

M D Rutherford

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Forced Choice ◽

Choice Task ◽

Direct Measure ◽

Directional Bias ◽

Directional Anisotropy ◽

Speed Perception ◽

Forced Choice Task ◽

Bilingual Readers

Judgments of speed and animacy from monolingual English readers were compared with those of bilingual readers of both English and a language read from right to left. Participants viewed a pair of dots moving horizontally across a screen at the same speed. Using a two-alternative forced-choice task, participants judged which dot in a pair moved faster (a direct measure of speed perception) or appeared to be alive (an indirect and correlated judgment of speed perception). In two experiments monolingual participants judged dots moving left to right to be faster and alive more often than dots moving right to left. In contrast, bilingual participants exhibited no directional bias for speed or animacy. These results suggest that the highly practiced eye movements involved in reading are associated with the presence or absence of a directional anisotropy for speed and animacy.

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Compression of Visual Space before Saccades

Perception ◽

10.1068/v970052 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 100-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D C Burr ◽

M C Morrone ◽

J Ross

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Coordinate System ◽

Human Visual System ◽

Visual Space ◽

Saccadic Eye Movements ◽

Forced Choice ◽

Smooth Transition ◽

Visual Signal ◽

Saccade Target ◽

Apparent Position

We studied how the human visual system recalibrates visual coordinates to compensate for saccadic eye movements. Observers made 20 horizontal saccades to a target on an otherwise featureless red screen, and reported the apparent position of a vertical green bar that was briefly displayed before, during, or after the saccade. Bars presented 50 ms before the beginning of the saccade, or after its completion, were perceived accurately and veridically. However, bars presented immediately prior to the saccade were systematically mislocated, either in the direction of the saccade or in the opposite direction, depending on the spatial position of the bar. This result has been verified by various techniques including Vernier offset estimation, and a forced-choice annulling task. When four bars (straddling the saccade target) were displayed in the interval −25 to 0 ms, they were seen to be merged into 1 bar (forced choice). None of these effects could be mimicked by causing the scene to move at saccadic speeds and amplitudes. The results suggest that each saccade is accompanied by a non-visual signal that displaces the retinal coordinate system, and a momentary compression of visual space. The perceptual compression may be instrumental in ensuring a smooth transition from fixation to fixation.

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Study Activities That Foster Generative Learning: Notetaking, Graphic Organizer, and Questioning

Journal of Educational Computing Research ◽

10.1177/0735633119865554 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 275-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Héctor R. Ponce ◽

Richard E. Mayer ◽

M. Soledad Loyola ◽

Mario J. López

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Learning Strategy ◽

Fourth Graders ◽

Memory Test ◽

Graphic Organizer ◽

Generative Learning ◽

Comprehension Test ◽

Group D ◽

Compare And Contrast

Fourth graders were asked to read a text and either to fill in a compare-and-contrast graphic organizer, answer a set of structured questions, take notes, or simply read the text. Both the graphic organizer and questioning groups outperformed the read-only group on a comprehension test ( d = 1.24 and 1.22, respectively) and a memory test ( d = 0.54 and 0.53, respectively). No significant differences were found between the notetaking and read-only groups on the comprehension test ( d = 0.30) or the memory test ( d = 0.20). Results showed more integrative eye movements between paragraphs for the graphic organizer ( d = 1.53) and the questioning groups ( d = 1.90) than the read-only group, but not for the notetaking group ( d = −0.06). On all three measures, the graphic organizer group and the questioning group exhibited a generative learning strategy, whereas the notetaking and read-only groups exhibited a linear learning strategy.

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