What is a characteristic value for soils?

Abstract. We have used two methods for measuring emission factors (EFs) in real driving conditions on five cars in a controlled environment: the stationary method, where the investigated vehicle drives by the stationary measurement platform and the composition of the plume is measured, and the chasing method, where a mobile measurement platform drives behind the investigated vehicle. We measured EFs of black carbon and particle number concentration. The stationary method was tested for repeatability at different speeds and on a slope. The chasing method was tested on a test track and compared to the portable emission measurement system. We further developed the data processing algorithm for both methods, trying to improve consistency, determine the plume duration, limit the background influence and facilitate automatic processing of measurements. The comparison of emission factors determined by the two methods showed good agreement. EFs of a single car measured with either method have a specific distribution with a characteristic value and a long tail of super emissions. Measuring EFs at different speeds or slopes did not significantly influence the EFs of different cars; hence, we propose a new description of vehicle emissions that is not related to kinematic or engine parameters, and we rather describe the vehicle EF with a characteristic value and a super emission tail.

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Characteristics of Wear Layered Laston Mix Using Waste Concrete Aggregate

Paulus Civil Engineering Journal ◽

10.52722/pcej.v3i3.298 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 459-468

Author(s):

Yanti ◽

Rais Rachman ◽

Alpius

Keyword(s):

Coarse Aggregate ◽

Mixture Design ◽

Concrete Aggregate ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

Waste Concrete ◽

Characteristic Value ◽

Marshall Test ◽

Pavement Material

The research objective focuses on testing the characteristics of the Laston Lapis Aus mixture, the aggregate taken later to be studied is the aggregate of Concrete Waste. The method used in this study included testing the properties of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and filler, after that the Laston Lapis Aus mixture design was carried out after that the marshall test was carried out while the marshalltest was carried out namely the conventional marshall to get the characteristic value. The results showed that the characteristics of the pavement material in the form of aggregates from Concrete Waste tested the 2018 Bina Marga General Specifications as road layers. Through Marshall testing, the characteristics of the Laston Lapis Aus mixture were abtained with asphalt levels of 5,50%, 6,00%, 6,50%, 7,00%, and 7,50%.

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Cost of capital and asset characteristic value

International Journal of Financial Engineering ◽

10.1142/s2424786321500079 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2150007

Author(s):

Bill Y. Shen

Keyword(s):

Stock Price ◽

Cost Of Capital ◽

Investment Decision ◽

Fair Value ◽

Secondary Market ◽

Credit Spread ◽

Structure Model ◽

Characteristic Value ◽

Option Theory ◽

The Cost

We propose a possible alternative to WACC as cost of capital for a business investment decision through option theory. The cost of capital in this new definition becomes forward-looking and easy to compute with traded market information as inputs. More importantly, it is a fair value- based approach and does not depend on investors’ own expectation. An important parameter “asset characteristic value” is identified and its role is further illustrated by using Merton’s capital structure model. Asset characteristic value can be calibrated by using stock price or credit spread observed from a secondary market.

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The Characteristic Value Problem—Generalities

Basic Numerical Mathematics ◽

10.1007/978-3-0348-7286-7_6 ◽

1977 ◽

pp. 53-64

Author(s):

John Todd

Keyword(s):

Characteristic Value

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CHARACTERISTIC VALUE OF THE RANDOM FIRE LOAD DENSITY, Probability-based specification depending on the way how the building compartment is used

Applications of Structural Fire Engineering ◽

10.14311/asfe.2015.009 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Mariusz Maslak

Keyword(s):

Probability Distribution ◽

Formal Model ◽

Probabilistic Approach ◽

Computational Procedure ◽

Fire Load ◽

Characteristic Value ◽

Fire Load Density ◽

The Way ◽

Design Techniques

<p>The algorithm that allows to specify the characteristic value of the random fire load density, depending on the way how the considered building compartment is used, is presented and discussed in detail. The proposed computational procedure is based on a probabilistic approach, the alternative in relation to the traditional methodology according to which the results obtained from the inventory of such a compartment are a basis for the evaluation. It is assumed that the sought value is estimated as the upper quantile of a <em>Gumbel</em> probability distribution which is set at an appropriate level of the probability of its up-crossing. The formal model described in the paper is referred to the two selected and qualitatively different design techniques which are used in practice. The first one is based on the recommendations contained in the Eurocode EN 1991-1-2, whereas the second - on the rules specified in the standard NFPA 557.</p>

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