ABSTRACT
Pasteurella haemolytica, the causative agent of shipping fever pneumonia in cattle, produces a leukotoxin (LKT) which lyses ruminant leukocytes with high efficiency but is reputed to not affect leukocytes from nonruminant species. In this study, we tested the supposition that LKT binding correlates positively with susceptibility to intoxication of susceptible isolated bovine lymphocytes and lymphoma tissue culture cells (BL3 cells) and negatively with reputed nonsusceptible equine, porcine, and canine lymphocytes and human lymphoid tissue culture cells (Raji cells). Bovine lymphocytes and BL3 cells were highly susceptible to LKT intoxication, exhibiting both substantial increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and marked leukolysis. Exposure of reputed LKT-nonsusceptible porcine lymphocytes and Raji cells to LKT caused a slightly increased intracellular Ca2+concentration but no leukolysis. No LKT effect was detected for equine and canine lymphocytes. LKT bound to lymphoid cells from all species tested. Intact 102-kDa LKT was recovered from exposed isolated lymphoid cell membranes. Pro-LKT acylation was not required for LKT binding to BL3 cells. LKT binding was rapid, with maximal binding occurring by 3 min, and was proportional to the LKT concentration in the range 0.04 to 4.0 μg/ml. For this LKT concentration range, BL3 cells bound more LKT than did porcine lymphocytes or Raji cells, suggesting that LKT binds to BL3 cells with higher affinity than to porcine lymphocytes or Raji cells. Above 4.0 μg/ml, LKT demonstrated saturable binding to BL3 cells. Neutralizing anti-LKT monoclonal antibody (MAb) MM601 diminished LKT binding to BL3 by 36% while decreasing leukolysis by 81%. In contrast, MM601 did not diminish LKT binding to Raji cells. Pretreatment of target cells with 120 μg of protease K per ml diminished LKT binding to BL3 cells by 75%, with only a 25% decrease in leukolysis. However, pretreatment with 150 μg of protease K per ml abolished the remaining 25% of LKT binding and 75% leukolysis. Therefore, P. haemolytica LKT binds rapidly to susceptible and to reputed nonsusceptible lymphoid cells. LKT binding resulting in species-specific leukolysis was characterized by high affinity, inhibition by MAb MM601, and relative resistance to protease K pretreatment of lymphoid cells. Two types of LKT binding to lymphoid cells are proposed. High-affinity binding leads to efficient leukolysis. In some lymphoid cells from reputed LKT-nonsusceptible species, low-affinity LKT binding may cause a low-efficiency increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration without leading to leukolysis.
The glycophospholipid-linked folate receptor internalizes folate without entering the clathrin-coated pit endocytic pathway.
