scholarly journals Physiological β Cell Death Triggers Priming of Self-reactive T Cells by Dendritic Cells in a Type-1 Diabetes Model

2003 ◽  
Vol 198 (10) ◽  
pp. 1527-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Turley ◽  
Laurent Poirot ◽  
Masakazu Hattori ◽  
Christophe Benoist ◽  
Diane Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Diabetes Model ◽  
Pancreatic Lymph Nodes ◽  
Antigen Presenting

The prelude to type-1 diabetes is leukocyte infiltration into the pancreatic islets, or insulitis. This process begins in pancreatic lymph nodes when T lymphocytes reactive to islet β cells encounter antigen-presenting cells (APCs) displaying peptides derived from β cell proteins. We show here that a ripple of physiological β cell death, which occurs at 2 wk of age in all mouse strains, precipitates the arrival of such APCs, and that the relevant APC is a dendritic cell of CD11c+CD11b+CD8α− phenotype. These findings have significant implications concerning the nature of the diabetes-provoking deficits in NOD mice, the identity of the primordial diabetogenic antigens, and our understanding of the balance between immunity and tolerance in a pathological context.

scholarly journals Effective Destruction of Fas-deficient Insulin-producing β Cells in Type 1 Diabetes

2003 ◽  
Vol 198 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Apostolou ◽  
Zhenyue Hao ◽  
Klaus Rajewsky ◽  
Harald von Boehmer
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Influenza Hemagglutinin ◽  
Insulin Promoter

In type 1 diabetes, autoimmune T cells cause destruction of pancreatic β cells by largely unknown mechanism. Previous analyses have shown that β cell destruction is delayed but can occur in perforin-deficient nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and that Fas-deficient NOD mice do not develop diabetes. However, because of possible pleiotropic functions of Fas, it was not clear whether the Fas receptor was an essential mediator of β cell death in type 1 diabetes. To directly test this hypothesis, we have generated a β cell–specific knockout of the Fas gene in a transgenic model of type 1 autoimmune diabetes in which CD4+ T cells with a transgenic TCR specific for influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are causing diabetes in mice that express HA under control of the rat insulin promoter. Here we show that the Fas-deficient mice develop autoimmune diabetes with slightly accelerated kinetics indicating that Fas-dependent apoptosis of β cells is a dispensable mode of cell death in this disease.

Use of a systems biology approach to understand pancreatic β-cell death in Type 1 diabetes

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Decio L. Eizirik ◽  
Fabrice Moore ◽  
Daisy Flamez ◽  
Fernanda Ortis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell

Accumulating evidence indicates that β-cells die by apoptosis in T1DM (Type 1 diabetes mellitus). Apoptosis is an active gene-directed process, and recent observations suggest that β-cell apoptosis depends on the parallel and/or sequential up- and down-regulation of hundreds of genes controlled by key transcription factors such as NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and STAT-1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1). Understanding the regulation of these gene networks, and how they modulate β-cell death and the ‘dialogue’ between β-cells and the immune system, will require a systems biology approach to the problem. This will hopefully allow the search for a cure for T1DM to move from a ‘trial-and-error’ approach to one that is really mechanistically driven.

scholarly journals Dextran Sulfate Protects Pancreatic β-Cells, Reduces Autoimmunity and Ameliorates Type 1 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Geming Lu ◽  
Francisco Rausell-Palamos ◽  
Jiamin Zhang ◽  
Zihan Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells

A failure in self-tolerance leads to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Low molecular weight dextran sulfate (DS) is a sulfated semi-synthetic polysaccharide with demonstrated cytoprotective and immunomodulatory properties <i>in vitro</i>. However, whether DS can protect pancreatic β-cells, reduce autoimmunity and ameliorate T1D is unknown. Here we report that DS, but not dextran, protects human β-cells against cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity <i>in vitro</i>. DS also protects mitochondrial function and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and reduces chemokine expression in human islets in a pro-inflammatory environment. Interestingly, daily treatment with DS significantly reduces diabetes incidence in pre-diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, and most importantly, reverses diabetes in early-onset diabetic NOD mice. DS decreases β-cell death, enhances islet heparan sulfate (HS)/heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) expression and preserves β-cell mass and plasma insulin in these mice. DS administration also increases the expression of the inhibitory co-stimulatory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in T-cells, reduces interferon-γ+ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and enhances the number of FoxP3+ cells. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the action of one single molecule, DS, on β-cell protection, extracellular matrix preservation and immunomodulation can reverse diabetes in NOD mice highlighting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of T1D.

scholarly journals Detecting Insulitis in Type 1 Diabetes with Ultrasound Phase-change Contrast Agents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Ramirez ◽  
Awaneesh K. Upadhyay ◽  
Vinh T. Pham ◽  
Mark Ciccaglione ◽  
Mark A Borden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Diabetes Onset ◽  
Ultrasound Contrast

AbstractType 1 diabetes (T1D) results from immune infiltration and destruction of insulin-producing β-cells within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans (insulitis), resulting in loss of glucose homeostasis. Early diagnosis during pre-symptomatic T1D would allow for therapeutic intervention prior to substantial loss of β-cell mass at T1D onset. There are limited methods to track the progression of insulitis and β-cell mass decline in pre-symptomatic T1D. During insulitis, the islet microvasculature increases permeability, such that sub-micron sized particles can extravasate and accumulate within the islet microenvironment. Ultrasound is a widely deployable and cost-effective clinical imaging modality. However, conventional microbubble contrast agents are restricted to the vasculature. Sub-micron sized nanodroplet (ND) phasechange agents can be vaporized into micron-sized bubbles; serving as a circulating microbubble precursor. We tested if NDs extravasate into the immune-infiltrated islet microenvironment. We performed ultrasound contrast-imaging following ND infusion in NOD mice and NOD;Rag1ko controls, and tracked diabetes development. We measured the biodistribution of fluorescently labeled NDs, with histological analysis of insulitis. Ultrasound contrast signal was elevated in the pancreas of 10w NOD mice following ND infusion and vaporization, but was absent in both the non-infiltrated kidney of NOD mice and pancreas of Rag1ko controls. High contrast elevation also correlated with rapid diabetes onset. In pancreata of NOD mice, infiltrated islets and nearby exocrine tissue were selectively labeled with fluorescent NDs. Thus, contrast ultrasound imaging with ND phase-change agents can detect insulitis prior to diabetes onset. This will be important for monitoring disease progression to guide and assess preventative therapeutic interventions for T1D.SignificanceThere is a need for imaging methods to detect type1 diabetes (T1D) progression prior to clinical diagnosis. T1D is a chronic disease that results from autoreactive T cells infiltrating the islet of Langerhans and destroying insulin-producing β-cells. Overt disease takes years to present and is only diagnosed after significant β-cells loss. As such, the possibility of therapeutic intervention to preserve β-cell mass is hampered by an inability to follow pre-symptomatic T1D progression. There are immunotherapies that can delay T1D development. However identifying ‘at risk’ individuals, and tracking whether therapeutic interventions are impacting disease progression, prior to T1D onset, is lacking. A method to detect insulitis and β-cell mass decline would present an opportunity to guide therapeutic treatments to prevent T1D.

scholarly journals Dextran Sulfate Protects Pancreatic β-Cells, Reduces Autoimmunity and Ameliorates Type 1 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Geming Lu ◽  
Francisco Rausell-Palamos ◽  
Jiamin Zhang ◽  
Zihan Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Dextran Sulfate ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cells

A failure in self-tolerance leads to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Low molecular weight dextran sulfate (DS) is a sulfated semi-synthetic polysaccharide with demonstrated cytoprotective and immunomodulatory properties <i>in vitro</i>. However, whether DS can protect pancreatic β-cells, reduce autoimmunity and ameliorate T1D is unknown. Here we report that DS, but not dextran, protects human β-cells against cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity <i>in vitro</i>. DS also protects mitochondrial function and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and reduces chemokine expression in human islets in a pro-inflammatory environment. Interestingly, daily treatment with DS significantly reduces diabetes incidence in pre-diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, and most importantly, reverses diabetes in early-onset diabetic NOD mice. DS decreases β-cell death, enhances islet heparan sulfate (HS)/heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) expression and preserves β-cell mass and plasma insulin in these mice. DS administration also increases the expression of the inhibitory co-stimulatory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in T-cells, reduces interferon-γ+ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and enhances the number of FoxP3+ cells. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the action of one single molecule, DS, on β-cell protection, extracellular matrix preservation and immunomodulation can reverse diabetes in NOD mice highlighting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of T1D.

scholarly journals Rotavirus Infection Accelerates Type 1 Diabetes in Mice with Established Insulitis

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (13) ◽  
pp. 6139-6149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate L. Graham ◽  
Natalie Sanders ◽  
Yan Tan ◽  
Janette Allison ◽  
Thomas W. H. Kay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Diabetes Onset ◽  
Diabetes Development

ABSTRACT Infection modulates type 1 diabetes, a common autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing islet β cells in the pancreas. Childhood rotavirus infections have been associated with exacerbations in islet autoimmunity. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice develop lymphocytic islet infiltration (insulitis) and then clinical diabetes, whereas NOD8.3 TCR mice, transgenic for a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for an important islet autoantigen, show more rapid diabetes onset. Oral infection of infant NOD mice with the monkey rotavirus strain RRV delays diabetes development. Here, the effect of RRV infection on diabetes development once insulitis is established was determined. NOD and NOD8.3 TCR mice were inoculated with RRV aged ≥12 and 5 weeks, respectively. Diabetes onset was significantly accelerated in both models (P < 0.024), although RRV infection was asymptomatic and confined to the intestine. The degree of diabetes acceleration was related to the serum antibody titer to RRV. RRV-infected NOD mice showed a possible trend toward increased insulitis development. Infected males showed increased CD8+ T-cell proportions in islets. Levels of β-cell major histocompatibility complex class I expression and islet tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA were elevated in at least one model. NOD mouse exposure to mouse rotavirus in a natural experiment also accelerated diabetes. Thus, rotavirus infection after β-cell autoimmunity is established affects insulitis and exacerbates diabetes. A possible mechanism involves increased exposure of β cells to immune recognition and activation of autoreactive T cells by proinflammatory cytokines. The timing of infection relative to mouse age and degree of insulitis determines whether diabetes onset is delayed, unaltered, or accelerated.

scholarly journals Transfusion of Apoptotic β-Cells Induces Immune Tolerance to β-Cell Antigens and Prevents Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice

Diabetes ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 2116-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Qing Xia ◽  
Ruihua Peng ◽  
Yushi Qiu ◽  
Mani Annamalai ◽  
David Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell

scholarly journals Epigenetic modulation of type-1 diabetes via a dual effect on pancreatic macrophages and β cells

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxian Fu ◽  
Julia Farache ◽  
Susan M Clardy ◽  
Kimie Hattori ◽  
Palwinder Mander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Short Treatment ◽  
Islet Inflammation ◽  
Circulating T Cells ◽  
Epigenetic Modulation

Epigenetic modifiers are an emerging class of anti-tumor drugs, potent in multiple cancer contexts. Their effect on spontaneously developing autoimmune diseases has been little explored. We report that a short treatment with I-BET151, a small-molecule inhibitor of a family of bromodomain-containing transcriptional regulators, irreversibly suppressed development of type-1 diabetes in NOD mice. The inhibitor could prevent or clear insulitis, but had minimal influence on the transcriptomes of infiltrating and circulating T cells. Rather, it induced pancreatic macrophages to adopt an anti-inflammatory phenotype, impacting the NF-κB pathway in particular. I-BET151 also elicited regeneration of islet β-cells, inducing proliferation and expression of genes encoding transcription factors key to β-cell differentiation/function. The effect on β cells did not require T cell infiltration of the islets. Thus, treatment with I-BET151 achieves a ‘combination therapy’ currently advocated by many diabetes investigators, operating by a novel mechanism that coincidentally dampens islet inflammation and enhances β-cell regeneration.

scholarly journals Peptides derived from insulin granule proteins are targeted by CD8+ T cells across MHC Class I restrictions in humans and NOD mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Marie Eliane Azoury ◽  
Mahmoud Tarayrah ◽  
Georgia Afonso ◽  
Aurore Pais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Class I ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Urocortin 3 ◽  
Insulin Granule ◽  
Granule Proteins

The antigenic peptides processed by β cells and presented through surface HLA Class I molecules are poorly characterized. Each HLA variant, e.g. the most common HLA-A2 and HLA-A3, carries some peptide-binding specificity. Hence, features that, despite these specificities, remain shared across variants may reveal factors favoring β-cell immunogenicity. Building on our previous description of the HLA-A2/A3 peptidome of β cells, we analyzed the HLA-A3-restricted peptides targeted by circulating CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Several peptides were recognized by CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells within a narrow frequency (1-50/10<sup>6</sup>), which was similar in donors with and without type 1 diabetes and harbored variable effector/memory fractions. These epitopes could be classified as conventional peptides or neo-epitopes, generated either via peptide <i>cis</i>-splicing or mRNA splicing, e.g. secretogranin-5 (SCG5)-009. As reported for HLA-A2-restricted peptides, several epitopes originated from β-cell granule proteins, e.g. SCG3, SCG5 and urocortin-3. Similarly, H-2K<sup>d</sup>-restricted CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells recognizing the murine orthologues of SCG5, urocortin-3, and proconvertase-2 infiltrated the islets of NOD mice and transferred diabetes into NOD/<i>scid</i> recipients. The finding of granule proteins targeted in both humans and NOD mice supports their disease relevance and identifies the insulin granule as a rich source of epitopes, possibly reflecting its impaired processing in type 1 diabetes.

scholarly journals Peptides derived from insulin granule proteins are targeted by CD8+ T cells across MHC Class I restrictions in humans and NOD mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Marie Eliane Azoury ◽  
Mahmoud Tarayrah ◽  
Georgia Afonso ◽  
Aurore Pais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Class I ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Urocortin 3 ◽  
Insulin Granule ◽  
Granule Proteins

The antigenic peptides processed by β cells and presented through surface HLA Class I molecules are poorly characterized. Each HLA variant, e.g. the most common HLA-A2 and HLA-A3, carries some peptide-binding specificity. Hence, features that, despite these specificities, remain shared across variants may reveal factors favoring β-cell immunogenicity. Building on our previous description of the HLA-A2/A3 peptidome of β cells, we analyzed the HLA-A3-restricted peptides targeted by circulating CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Several peptides were recognized by CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells within a narrow frequency (1-50/10<sup>6</sup>), which was similar in donors with and without type 1 diabetes and harbored variable effector/memory fractions. These epitopes could be classified as conventional peptides or neo-epitopes, generated either via peptide <i>cis</i>-splicing or mRNA splicing, e.g. secretogranin-5 (SCG5)-009. As reported for HLA-A2-restricted peptides, several epitopes originated from β-cell granule proteins, e.g. SCG3, SCG5 and urocortin-3. Similarly, H-2K<sup>d</sup>-restricted CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells recognizing the murine orthologues of SCG5, urocortin-3, and proconvertase-2 infiltrated the islets of NOD mice and transferred diabetes into NOD/<i>scid</i> recipients. The finding of granule proteins targeted in both humans and NOD mice supports their disease relevance and identifies the insulin granule as a rich source of epitopes, possibly reflecting its impaired processing in type 1 diabetes.

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