Molecular detection and prevalence of Rotavirus with acute gastroenteritis among the children of rural and urban areas

Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.

Clinical Profile and Characterization of Rotavirus Strains in Under-Five Children with Diarrhea: A Hospital-Based Study from Eastern Odisha, India

Objective Diarrheal diseases are one of the most common causes of hospitalization in children under five. Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in younger children, and the prevalence decreases rapidly with increasing age. The objective of the study was to estimate the burden of rotavirus infection in acute gastroenteritis among under-five children admitted to a tertiary care hospital in eastern Odisha, for the clinical profile and identity of the prevalent strains. Methods This was a prospective observational study linked to the National Rotavirus Surveillance Network (NRSN), where 720 under-five children with diarrhea were enrolled. In total, 675 stool samples of eligible candidates were sent for rotavirus isolation, and identification of strains was done by identifying VP7 (G-type) and VP4 (P-type) genes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentage, and continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Rotavirus was detected in 256 (37.92%) samples. Males outnumbered females. The most common affected age group was 7 to 12 months, followed by 13 to 18 months. G3P[8] was the most prevalent strain in this study. Conclusion Children between the age of 7 and 18 months were most vulnerable to rotavirus infection. The most prevalent strain varies from one region to another and continuous surveillance is needed.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Rotavirus Infection in a C1q Nephropathy Patient: A Case Report

C1q nephropathy is a rare glomerulopathy that typically presents with nephrotic syndrome in children. Treatment with immunosuppressive agents renders patients vulnerable to infection and its complications. Gastroenteritis is common in children, and rotavirus is a leading cause. Extraintestinal manifestations of rotavirus have recently been reported; however, there is a paucity of cases exploring the involvement of a rotavirus on the respiratory system. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rapid onset respiratory failure characterized by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and hypoxemia. Causes of ARDS include sepsis, pneumonia, pancreatitis, aspiration, and trauma. In this paper, we report a case of ARDS after rotavirus infection in a child with C1q nephropathy who had been treated with immunosuppressive agents.

Predictors of severe forms of rotaviral infection in children

Rotavirus infection (RVI) is one of the most common childhood diseases. The study of predictors of severe forms of this disease is of undoubted interest.Aim. Based on the study of the characteristics of the premorbid background, life history and clinical and laboratory parameters, determine predictors of severe forms of RVI.Patients and methods. In the departments of intestinal infections and resuscitation and intensive care of Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases in the period 2018 – 202. a retrospective study of 962 children aged 2 months to 2 years with rotavirus infection was carried out. he severity of the condition was assessed using the Clarke scale. To identify the most significant predictors of the development of severe forms of RVI, two groups of patients were compared: severe (> 16 points) and moderate (≤16 points) forms of RVI. Comparison of the frequency of occurrence of signs in the groups was performed using the Pearson χ2 test and Fisher’s exact method. The forecasting model was developed using discriminant analysis of the statistical package Statistica for Windows.Results. Severe forms of RVI were detected in 65 children. Among the patients with severe forms of RVI, there were no patients with completed preventive vaccination. Patients with severe forms of RVI were admitted to the hospital in the late stages of the disease and had a higher score on the CDS scale. Based on the research carried out, a model for predicting severe forms of RVI was developed. The features included in the model were: the day of illness at admission, the patient’s age, prehospital prescription of antibacterial drugs, the absence of completed vaccination against RVI, and the severity of dehydration. Assessment of the quality of the created model showed that the classification ability was 97.7%.Conclusion. Predictors of severe forms of RVI include admission to a hospital in the late stages of the disease with severe dehydration, early age, prehospital antibiotics and forced transfer to artificial feeding, and absence of completed prophylactic vaccination.

A study of rotavirus infection in acute diarrhoea in children less than 5 years of age

: Diarrhoeal diseases account for an estimated 1.5 million deaths globally every year making it the second leading cause of childhood mortality. In India 1 out of every 250 children die of rotavirus diarrhea each year.: To find out the incidence of rotavirus infection in acute diarrhoeal cases in children under 5 years of age.: A prospective study was conducted on 100 non repetetive stool samples of Children under 5 years of age, presenting with acute diarrhea and hospitalized in the pediatric ward, during December 2015 to November 2016. Stool samples were processed according to premier rotaclone enzyme immunoassay protocol for the detection of rotavirus antigen, adhering to standard laboratory precautions.: The incidence of acute diarrhoeal diseases was 5.86% in our setting. was detected in 29% cases by ELISA method.The antigen detection by EIA is a reliable test, as it is quantitative and also has high sensitivity and specificity. Hence, can be routinely employed to prevent major morbidity and mortality among children, especially less than 5 years of age.

Clinical characteristics and cellular immunity in children with rotavirus infection

Objective. To determine clinical course and state of cellular immunity in young children with rotavirus infection.Children characteristics and research methods. The scientists examined children without infectious pathology and with rotavirus infection (20 patients in each group) using general clinical methods. Rotavirus infection was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction and immunochromatography. Cellular immunity parameters were determined by flow cytometry.Results. All the children under observation had a moderate form of the disease with symptoms of exsicosis of the II degree. Changes in the immune status were mainly of a regulatory, adaptive nature, which contributed to the favorable course of rotavirus infection in children, however, the dynamics of the number of cells expressing Toll-like receptors indicates the immunosuppressive properties of rotavirus.Conclusion. Currently, rotavirus infection in young children is typical with watery diarrhea as the most pronounced and long-lasting clinical symptom. Shifts in immunogram indices in general indicate a deficiency of the cellular link of immunity and a violation of its regulation with simultaneous activation of the immune system in an effort to achieve the eradication of the rotavirus with immunosuppressive properties.

Wide Variability in the Sensitivity and Specificity of Rotavirus Immunoassay Diagnostic Kits in Practice

Introduction: Most hospitals rely on rapid antigen-detection kits for the diagnosis of rotavirus infection. Several small studies reviewed the sensitivity and specificity of some of these kits. These studies showed discrepancy in results obtained for sensitivity and specificity that varied according to the type of kit used, area of study, and type of test used as standard for diagnosis of rotavirus infection. The objective of the study is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of five commonly used rotavirus immunoassay kits in comparison to RT-PCR as standard. Methodology: Stool samples (N = 1,414) collected from children under 5 years of age hospitalized with gastroenteritis were tested for rotavirus by immunoassay kits and RT-PCR in a prospective hospital-based surveillance study conducted at 7 centers in Lebanon. Concordance and discrepancy between the two methods was used to calculate sensitivity and specificity, using RT-PCR as the “gold standard”. Results: The sensitivity and specificity were respectively 95.08% and 86.62% for the SD Bioline® (Standard Diagnostics, Inc, South Korea) kit calculated on 645 samples, 65.86% and 45.90% for the VIROTECT® (Trinity Biotech, Ireland) kit calculated on 327 samples, 83.9% and 64.2% for the Rota-Strip (C-1001) (Coris Bioconcept, Belgium) calculated on 95 samples, 52.3% and 10.9% for the Acon® (Acon Laboratories, Inc, California, USA) kit calculated on 122 samples, 68.1% and 20% for the VIKIA® Rota-Adéno (Biomerieux, France) kit calculated on 32 samples. Conclusion: A wide discrepancy was detected between the calculated and advertised sensitivity and specificity for most of the kits.

Childhood Rotavirus Infection Associated with Temperature and Particulate Matter 2.5 µm: A Retrospective Cohort Study

No study has ever investigated how ambient temperature and PM2.5 mediate rotavirus infection (RvI) in children. We used insurance claims data from Taiwan in 2006–2012 to evaluate the RvI characteristics in children aged ≤ 9. The RvI incidence rates were higher in colder months, reaching the highest in March (117.0/100 days), and then declining to the lowest in July (29.2/100 days). The age–sex-specific average incident cases were all higher in boys than in girls. Stratified analysis by temperature (<20, 20–24, and ≥25 °C) and PM2.5 (<17.5, 17.5–31.4, 31.5–41.9, and ≥42.0 μg/m3) showed that the highest incidence was 16.4/100 days at average temperatures of <20 °C and PM2.5 of 31.5–41.9 μg/m3, with Poisson regression analysis estimating an adjusted relative risk (aRR) of 1.26 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11–1.43), compared to the incidence at the reference condition (<20 °C and PM2.5 < 17.5 μg/m3). As the temperature increased, the incident RvI cases reduced to 4.84 cases/100 days (aRR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.35–0.45) when it was >25 °C with PM2.5 < 17.5 μg/m3, or to 9.84/100 days (aRR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.77–0.93) when it was >25 °C with PM2.5 > 42 μg/m3. The seasonal RvI is associated with frequent indoor personal contact among children in the cold months. The association with PM2.5 could be an alternative assessment due to temperature inversion.